| A | B |
|---|
| immune system | allows animals to avoid/limit infections |
| pathogens | infectious agents that can cause disease |
| innate immunity | inborn defenses that act the same in all exposures |
| invertebrate innate immunity | only form of protection in nonvertebrates |
| phagocytosis | cells engulfing/destroying foreign substance |
| vertebrate innate immunity | initial defense involving skin mucous memranes macrophages |
| neutrophils | phagocytosis of microbes |
| macrophages | phagocytosis of bacteria/virus infected cells/appoptotic (dead) cells |
| natural killer cells (NK) | attack cancer/virus infected cells stimulating apoptosis |
| interferons | proteins that make cells resistant to viruses |
| complement system | proteins that work togeter to cause cell lysis |
| inflammatory response | initial innnate vertebrate response to infection |
| histamine | protein that vasodilates blood vessels |
| lymphatic system | vessels that return interstitial fluid to blood |
| lymph | fluid within lymph vessels formerly interstitial fluid |
| lymph nodes | glandular tissue storing WBC within network of lymph vessels |
| cervical lymph nodes | lymph nodes of neck |
| axillary lymph nodes | lymph nodes of armpits |
| thoracic lymph nodes | lymph nodes of chest |
| cubital lymph nodes | lymph nodes of in lower arm |
| abdominal lymph nodes | lymph nodes of abdomen |
| lumbar lymph nodes | lymph nodes of lower back |
| pelvic lymph nodes | lymph nodes of hip region |
| inguinal lymph nodes | lymph nodes of groin |
| thymus | lymphatic organ stores and matures T-cell lymphocytes |
| thoracic duct | returns lymph to vein in the chest region |
| appendix | finger-like pouch of GI tract stores WBC |
| adenoids | lymph glands guarding nasal cavity |
| tonsils | lymph glands guarding throat/pharynx |
| spleen | organ stores RBC/recycles old RBC for emergency usage |
| acquired immunity | defenses activated after prior exposure to pathogens |
| antigen | foreign molecule that stimulates immune response |
| antibody | protein produced to attach to antigen |
| vaccination | harmless variant or part of pathogen that activates immune response |
| active immunity | individual produces antibodies |
| passive immunity | individual receives premade antibodies from another individual |
| lymphocytes | WBCs responsible for acquired response |
| B cells | mature in bone marrow humoral response |
| T cells | mature in thymus cellular response |
| humoral immune response | production of antibodies to fight pathogens |
| cell mediated immune response | activation of cells that directly attack pathogens |
| antigen receptors | T cell membrane proteins that bind to antigen |
| antigenic determinant | portion of antibody recognizing/binding to antigen |
| clonal selection | ability to produce identical cells with specific antigen receptors |
| effector cells | B or T cells activated to a particular antigen |
| plasma cells | activate B cells form antibodies |
| memory cells | inactive B cells able to recognize specfic antigen |
| primary immune response | intital activation of B and T cells when exposed to a pathogen |
| secondary immune response | faster activation of B and T cells in subsequent exposure to pathogen |
| antigen-binding site | region of antibody with complimentary shape to antigen |
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) | antibody of mucous membranes covers antigen's receptors |
| Immunoglobulin D (IgD) | activate B cell responses |
| Immunoglobulin E (IgE) | binds to receptors on parasites |
| Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | binds to/coats/agglutinates pathogens |
| Immunoglobulin M (IgM) | activates/attracts complement proteins |
| agglutination | antibodies cause pathogens stick/clump together |
| neutralization | antibodies cover pathogens receptors inacivating them |
| precipitation | antibodies cause pathogens to "fallout" of blood |
| complement activation | atracts proteins to antigen that puncture membrane |
| monoclonal antibodies (mAb) | cells that produce ONLY identical copies of themselves |
| herceptin | artificial GE antibody against breast cancer |
| cytotoxic T cells | attack infected cells |
| helper T cells | activate T cells, B cells, macrophages |
| antigen presenting cells | WBCs that familarize inactive cells to a particular antigen |
| self proteins | protein markers recognized as belong to an individual |
| nonself molecules | protein markers recognize as being foreign to an individual |
| perforin | enzyme released by T cell that perforates pathogen membrane |
| apoptosis | programmmed cell death |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| opportunistic infections | pathogen/cancers normally preente by strong immune system |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma | skin cancer prevalent with AIDS infection |
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | gene responsible for producing self proteins |
| autoimmune disease | individuals immune system attacks own sells |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | antibodies attack self molecule cuase skin rashes fever arthritis |
| insulin dependent diabetes | T cells destroy insulin producing cells of pancreas |
| rheumatoid arthritis | antibodies damage/inflame bones/joints |
| multiple sclerosis | T-cells damage myelin sheath of neurons |
| Crohn’s disease | digestive inflammation reaction against natural flora |
| immunodeficiency diseases | individuals missing one or more immune components |
| severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) | individual has no T or B cells |
| Hodgkin’s disease | cancer (roliferation of abnormal lymphocytes |
| allergies | exaggerated immune response to harmless antigens |
| allergens | antigens that trigger an allergic reaponse |
| mast cells | release histamine to activate inflammatory response |
| antihistamines | drugs that counter action og histamine give relief from symptoms |
| anaphylactic shock | severe and dangerous alleric response |
