| A | B |
|---|
| thermoregulation | maintenance of an internal temperature |
| osmoregulation | control of loss/gain of water/solutes |
| excretion | disposal of nitrogen waste |
| endotherms | warmed by metabolic heat |
| ectotherms | warmed by external/environmental heat |
| heat conduction | heat transfer by direct contact |
| heat convection | heat transfer by air/liquid movement |
| heat radiation | heat transfer by electromagnetic waves |
| heat evaporation | heat loss from liquid surface |
| metabolic heat production | heat produced my boost of metabolic processes |
| insulation | hair/fur capture air layer or fat layer of blubber under skin |
| countercurrent heat exchange | warm/cold blood flow in opposite directions in adjacent blood vessels |
| evaporative cooling | panting, sweating - heat loss by evaporation |
| osmoconformers | body fluid's [solute] = environments [solute] |
| osmoregulators | body fluid's [solute] differes from environments [solute] |
| freshwater adaptations | gills absorb salt & kidneys excrete water |
| salt water adaptations | gills release salt & kidneys retain water |
| urine | waste product of urinary systems |
| ammonia | nitrogenous waste of aquatic urine |
| urea | nitrogenous waste of most terrestrial urine |
| uric acid | nitrogenous waste released with little or no water |
| urinary system | maintains water/solute homeostasis |
| filtrate | urinary fluid with water urea solutes excess nutrients |
| ureter | duct carries filtrate from kidney to baldder |
| urinary bladder | expandable sac to store kidney filtrate |
| urethra | duct empies filtrate to environment |
| renal cortex | outer tissue region of kidney |
| renal medulla | inner tissue region of kidney |
| nephron | functional unit of kidney |
| glomerulus | arterial capillary bed surrounded by Bowman capsule |
| Bowman’s capsule | cup-shaped tubule receives fluid (filtrate) from arterial bed |
| proximal tubule | reabsorbs valuable solutes from filtrate |
| Henle’s loop | reabsorbs water and salt from filtrate |
| distal tubule | reabsorbs salt, water and carbonate from filtrate |
| collecting duct | empties filtrate into ureter |
| filtration | water/solutes removed from blood |
| reabsorption | useful solutes/water returned to blood |
| secretion | materials transported from blood to filtrate |
| excretion | filtrate produced is released to environment |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | increases water retention in the kidney |
| dialysis | process to separate wastes from blood when kidneys not functioning properly |
