| A | B |
|---|
| hormone | chemical signal carries by circulatory system |
| endocrine glands | organs that synthesize and secrete hormones |
| endocrine system | group of organs for communication and chemical regulation |
| target cells | cells with receptors to respond to particular hormones |
| local regulators | chemical signals affecting ONLY nearby target cells |
| neurosecretory cells | perform as both electrical and chemical signalers |
| protein (hydrophilic) hormones | cannot pass through cell membranes must activate a membrane receptor |
| lipid (hydrophobic) hormones | can pass through membranes to activate a receptor in cell cytoplasm |
| reception | hormone binding to membrane or cyplasm receptor |
| signal transduction | signal amplification by setting off a cascading series of reactions |
| response | change in cell behavior initiated by hormone |
| steroid hormones | mainly sex hormones derived from cholsterol |
| hypothalamus | region of brain with neurosecretory cells interface of nervous/endocrine systems |
| TSH releasing hormone (TRH) | hypothalamus secretion stimulates release of TSH |
| oxytocin | hypothalmic peptide hormone stimulates contractions of uterine contractions of uterus and mammary gland |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | hypothalmic peptide hormone stimulate water retention in kidneys |
| pituitary gland | master gland secretes controlling hormones |
| pituitary posterior lobe | stores and secretes hypothamic oxytocin and ADH |
| pituitary anterior lobe | synthesizes and secretes pituitary hormones |
| releasing hormones | induce pituitary to synthesize/secrete hormones |
| inhibiting hormones | induce pituitary to stop synthesizing/secreting hormones |
| endorphins | pituitary hormones that bind to neuron receptors to reduce pain |
| growth hormone (GH) | pituitary peptide hormone stimulate bone growth and general metabolis |
| gigantism | disease caused by excess secretion of growth hormone |
| acromegaly | disease caused by excess secretion of growth homrmone after puberty |
| pituitary dwarfism | disease of deficiency of growth hormone secretion |
| prolactin (PRL) | pituitary peptide hormone stimulates milk production |
| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | pituitary peptide hormone stimulates ova/sperm production |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | pituitary peptide hormone stimulates ovary/testis functions |
| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | pituitary peptide hormone stimulates thyroid gland secretions |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | pituitary peptide hormone stimulates adrenal glucocoticoid secretion |
| pineal gland | produces amine hormone melatonin |
| melatonin | controls circadian rhythms |
| thyroid gland | produces hormones controling metabolism/calcium levels |
| thyroxine | amine hormone stimulates/maintains metabolic processes |
| hyperthyroidism | thyroxine excess fast basal metabolism, nervous, weight loss |
| Graves’ disease | thyroxine excess fluid accumuation behind eyeballs |
| exophthalmia | excess thyroxine symptom of "bulging eyeballs" |
| hypothyroidism | deficiency of thyroxine weight gain, lethargy, goiter |
| goiter | iodine deficiency accumulation of stored thyroxine swelling gland |
| calcitonin | blood [Ca+] high, stimulate uptake from blood into bones |
| antagonistic hormones | hormones that have opposit effect (calcitonin & parathyroid hormone) |
| parathyroid gland | patches of glandular tissue on thyroid surface secrete parathyroid hormone |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | blood [Ca+] low, releases Ca+ from bones to blood |
| thymus gland | gland large in childhood, found beneath breast bone, secretes thymosin |
| thymosin | thymus peptide hormone stimulates T-cell development |
| adrenal gland | endocrine gland founr atop the kidneys |
| adrenal medulla | central portion of adrenal gland secrete "flight/fight" hormones |
| epinephrine | adrenal amine hormone increases blood glucose/metabolism/constrict blood vessels |
| norepinephrine | same effects as epinephrine but to lesser degree |
| adrenal cortex | outer region secretes corticosteroids |
| glucocorticoids | adrenal steroid increases blood glucose levels |
| cortisone | adrenal steroid accelerates tissue repair/growth |
| mineralcorticoids | adrenal steroid promotes kidney reabsorption of sodium excretion of potassium in kidney |
| aldosterone | adrenal mineralcorticoid hormone |
| pancreas | endocrine and exocrine gland involved in sugar metabolism |
| insulin | pancreatic protein hormone removes sugar from blood |
| diabetes mellitus | autoimmune disease with deficiency of insulin production causes high blood sugar levels |
| hypoglycemia | excess production of insulin causes low blood sugar levels |
| glucagon | pancreatic peptide hormone releases sugar into blood |
| testis | male reproductive/endocrine organ |
| androgens | testicular steroid hormones stimulate development/maintenance of male reproductive system |
| testosterone | androgen responsible for male secondary sex characteristics |
| ovary | female reproductive endocrine organ |
| estrogen | ovarian steroid hormone stimulates development and maintenance of female systems |
| progesterone | ovarian steroid hormone prepares and maintains uterus during pregnancy |
| Type 1 insulin dependent diabetes | autoimmune dstruction of beta cells stops insulin production |
| Type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes | target cells receptiors decrease response to insulin being produced |
| gestational diabetes | insulin deficiency during pregnancy can result in dangerously large babies |
