| A | B |
|---|
| infertility | inabilty to bear children after a year of attmepts |
| asexual reproduction | creation of genetically identical offspring by a lone parent |
| fertilization | fusion of sperm and egg ofspring genetic combination of two parents |
| budding | new individuals split off from existing individuals |
| fission | separation of a parent into two equal sized offspring |
| fragmentation | breaking parent body into several piece that become complete new individuals |
| regeneration | regrowth of a lost body part |
| sexual reproduction | creation of offspring by fusion of two haploid sex cells |
| gametes | haploid (n) sex cells |
| zygote | diploid (2n) cell forme by fusion of gametes |
| sperm | male gamete |
| egg | female gamete |
| haploid (n) chromosome number | half set of chromosomes, number in gametes of a species (23 in humans) |
| diploid (2n) chromosome number | whole set of chromosomes, number in body cells of species (46 in humans) |
| hermaphroditism | each individual of a species has both male and female reproductive systems |
| external fertilization | gametes release into water where fertilization occurs |
| internal fertilization | male gametes are deposited into female tract where fertilization occurs |
| copulation | process that facilitates the deposition of male gametes into female system |
| ovarian follicles | cell groups that will form an egg/ovum |
| ovulation | release of an egg from the female ovary |
| corpus luteum | solid mass left immediately after ovulation |
| oviduct (fallopian tube) | passageway egg takes to uterus |
| uterus | site of embryo implantation |
| endometrium | thick vascular mucus lining of the uterus |
| embryo | stage from first division of zygote until the appearance of body structures |
| fetus | embryo from nith week of gestation until birth |
| ectopic pregnancy | implantation of embryo outside of the uterus |
| cervix | thick muscular neck between uterus and vagina |
| vagina | thin walled muscular chamber that recieves male penis a.k.a. birth canal |
| labia minora | slender inner skin folds immediately around vaginal opening |
| labia majora | thick fatty outer folds around vaginal opening |
| clitoris | small erectile tissue that engorges with blood during sexual activity |
| clitoral glans | tip or head of erectile tissue |
| clitoral prepuce | protective hood/fold of |
| testes | male gonads |
| scrotum | skin sac outside of abdomen to house testes at lower temperature |
| epididymis | sperm storage area within scrotum |
| ejaculation | expulsion of sperm containing fluid from penis |
| vas deferens | sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct |
| ejaculatory duct | common duct formed by union of vas defeens from right and left |
| prostate gland | gland below bladder that produces carbohydrate portion of semen |
| bulbourethral gland | secrete alkaline portion of semen to neutralize acids in sperm ducts |
| semen | nutritive fluid that contains sperm |
| orgasm | series of rhythmic involutary contractions of reproductive structures to discharge semen |
| penis | erectile intro mitten organ deposites sperm in female tract |
| circumcision | surgical removal of prepuce |
| glans penis | nerve ending rich tip of penis |
| prepuce | skin fold covering and protectin glans penis |
| gametogenesis | meiotic cell division to form gametes |
| spermatogenesis | meiotic cell division to form male gametes (sperm) |
| spermiogenesis | last proceess of spermatogenesis where sperm cell changes form |
| seminiferous tubules | coiled tubes of testes in which sperm are formed |
| spermatogonia | diploid stem cell that will undergo meiosis to form sperm |
| primary spermatocytes | presumptive sperm cell in prophase I of meiosis |
| secondary spermatocytes | presumptive sperm cell at the end of telophase I of meiosis |
| spermatids | presumpive sperm cell at the end of telophase II of meiosis |
| spermatozoa | matured differentiated male gamete |
| oogenesis | meiotic cell division to form egg cells (ova) |
| oogonia | diploid gametic stem cell that undergoes meiosis to form egg cells |
| primary oocyte | presumptive ovum in prophase I of meiosis |
| secondary oocyte | presumptive ovum in metaphae II of meiosis |
| ovum | mature haploid femal gamete |
| mature follicle | swecondary oocyte and associated follicle cells in ovarian tissue |
| corona | ring of follicle cells immediately around oocyte |
| antrum | liquid filled space in mature follicle |
| liquor folliculi | fliud in antrum that eventually forces oocyte out of ovary |
| follicle cells | cells thar nourish oocyte and produce female hormones |
| corpus luteum | follicle cells fill the space left by release of oocyte, produces progesterone |
| corpus albicans | scar tissue from a released ovarian follicle |
| ovarian cycle | series of changes that occur monthly in the ovary |
| menstrual cycle | series of changes that occur monthly in the uterus |
| menstruation | monthly loss of uterine lining when pregnancy does not accur |
| follicle stage | Day 5- 14 in female reproductive cycle where follicle mature/uterine lining builds up |
| ovulation | Day 14 of reproductive cycle when egg is releases |
| luteal phase | day 15-28 development/maintenance of uterine lining |
| flow phase | Day 1-5 of reproductive cylce loss of uterine lining |
| FSH | follicle stimulating hormone stimulates follicle development |
| LH | leuteinizing hormone promotes ovulation/growth of uterine lining |
| estrogen | ovarian hormone promote uterine lining development |
| progesterone | ovarian hormone maintains utering lining thru pregnancy |
| human choriogonadotropin (HCG) | placental hormone mantains corpus luteum |
| sexually transmitted diseases (STD) | contagious diseases transmitted by sexual contact |
| chlamydia | bacterial disease shows no symptoms in femals can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
| gonorrhea | bacterial disease with genital discharge painful urination |
| syphilis | bacterial disease genital ulcers, neurological dysfunction in later stages |
| genital herpes | viral infection genital blisters painful urination linked to cervical cancer/birth defects |
| genital warts | viral disease forms painless growths on genitalia |
| AIDS | viral disease autoimmune deficiency syndrome |
| trichomoniasis | protozoan disease vaginal itching/discharge no symptoms in male |
| candidiasis | fungal disease a.k.a. yeast infection vaginal itch/discharge |
| contraception | deliberate prevention of pregnancy |
| tubal ligation | remavel of section of oviduct ends sealed prevent egg reaching uterus |
| vasectomy | section of vas deferens removed and sealed prevent sperm from leaving male body |
| rhythm method | temorary abstinence refraining from intercourse during female fertile period |
| spermicides | sperm killing foams/jellies placed in vagina prior to intercourse |
| oral contraceptives | synthetic estrogen/progesteron prevents development/release of mature egg |
| morning after pills (MAPs) | taken after unproteted sex within 24 hours 75% effective in preventing pregnancy |
| sperm cell head | part of mature sperm cell contains acrosome and nucleus |
| acrosome | vesicle of hydrolytic enxymes in head of sperm |
| nucleus | contains haploid number of chromosome in sperm head |
| sperm cell midpiece | powerhouse of sperm provides energy for motility |
| spiral mitochondria | produce energy for sperm motility |
| sperm flagella | motile portion of sperm |
| jelly coat | protective layer around ovum broken through by acrosomal enzymes |
| vitelline layer | vesicles beneath egg membrane will release fluid to form fertilization membrane |
| receptor proteins | membrane markers that "grab"sperm head of proper species |
| fertilization membrane | protective barrier produced to prevent multiple sperm from entering egg |
| cleavage | synchronized cell division of zygote |
| morula | solid ball of cells formed by cleavage |
| blastula | hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage |
| blastocoel | fluid filled cavity of blastula stage |
| blastomeres | cells that form the blastula |
| gastrulation | cell movement into blastocoel begins tissue differentiation |
| gastrula | three tissue layer stage of embryo development |
| blastopore | opening through which cells enter cavity of blasula |
| ectoderm | outer layer of cells forms skin and nervous system |
| endoderm | inner layer of cells forms digestive system |
| mesoderm | middle layer of cells forms skeletal, muscular, circulatory, reproductive, excretory systems |
| notochord | solid rod of tissue of embryo dorsal side stimulates nervous system differentiation |
| organogenesis | devlopment of specialized organs in the embryo |
| neurulation | process by which ectoderma tissue develops into the brain and nervous system |
| neural plate | thickened ectoderm forms above the notochord |
| neural fold | raised edge of neural plate |
| neural tube | neural plate folds meet to form tube |
| coelom | hollow space in animal's body |
| somites | series of mesodermal tissue will form muscles and bones |
| induction | mechanism where a group of cells presence influences the development of neighboring cells |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death in human development removes skin between finger/toes |
| pattern formation | emergence of body with tissues and organs in proper places |
| homeotic genes | class of similar genes animals that program the placement of organs |
| homeoboxes | nucleotide sequnces forming specific proteins to activate/deactivate homeotic genes |
| gestation | period of embryo's internal development in mammals |
| conception | fertiliztion of egg by sperm in human reproduction |
| blastocysts | hollow sphere of cell in human embryonic development |
| trophoblast | outer protective cell layer that will implant in uterine wall |
| placenta | protective/nutrient providing tissue formed by maternal/embryonic tissue |
| extraembryonic membranes | protective/functional membranes formed from nonplacental trophblasts |
| amnion | fliud filled protective membrane surrounding embryo |
| yolk sac | embryonic membrane surrounding food supply in nonmammals |
| allantois | embryonic membrane storing nitrogen waste in nonmammals |
| chorion | embryonic membrane allows gas exchange |
| chorionic villi | fingers of chorion that grow into uterine lining to form embryonic portion of placenta |
| first trimester | conception to week 12, limbs, "tail", gill pouches present |
| second trimester | week 12 to 24 fetus enlarges fingers, nails, eyebrows/lashes formed |
| third trimester | wek 24 to birth systemic changes begin and are completed to ready systems gor gas exchange with air |
| labor | rhythmic contractions of uterus to expel embryo |
| positive feedback | changes amplify change in dame direction |
| impotence | infertility caused male's inability to have penis become engorge with blood |
| assisted reproductive technologies (ART) | procedures used to increase likelihood of successful conception |
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) | eggs and sperm placed in lab vessel to increase possibility of conception |
