| A | B |
|---|
| Sirocco | A hot dry wind from North Africa that blows across the Mediterranean to Europe |
| City-States | Self-governing cities, such as those of Ancient Greece |
| Pope | The bishop of Rome and the head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Coalition Governments | Governments in which several political parties join together to run a country |
| Moors | Muslim North Africans |
| Dialect | A variation of a language |
| Navigable | Water routes that are deep enough and wide enough to be used by ships |
| Loess | Fine, windblown soil that is good for farming |
| Reformation | A movement in Europe to reform Christianity in the 1500s |
| Holocaust | The mass murder of millions of Jews and other people by the Nazis in World War II |
| Chancellor | Germany’s head of government, or prime minister |
| Cantons | Political and administrative districts in Switzerland |
| Nationalism | The demand for self-rule and a strong feeling of loyalty to one’s country |
| Fjords | Narrow, deep inlets of the sea set between high, rocky cliffs |
| Lochs | Scottish lakes located in valleys carved by glaciers |
| North Atlantic Drift | A warm ocean current that brings mild temperatures and rain to parts of northern Europe |
| Constitutional Monarchy | A government with a monarch as head of state and a parliament or other legislature that makes laws |
| Famine | A great shortage of food |
| Bog | Soft ground that is soaked with water |
| Peat | Matter made from dead plants, usually mosses |
| Neutral | Not taking a side in a dispute or conflict |
| Uninhabitable | Not capable of supporting human settlement |
| Geysers | Hot springs that shoot hot water and steam into the air |
| Oil Shale | Layered rock that yields oil when heated |
| Lignite | A soft form of coal |
| Amber | Fossilized tree sap |
| Indo-European | A language family that includes many languages of Europe, such as German, Baltic, and Slavic languages |
| Roma | An ethnic group also known Gypsies who are descended from people who may have migrated from India to Europe long ago |
| Strait | Narrow waterway connecting two large bodies of water |
| Immigrant | A newcomer to a country who has settled there |
| Emigrant | Somebody who leaves a place, especially his or her native country, to go and live elsewhere |
