| A | B |
|---|
| What is the normal range for WBCs? | 4.5-11 |
| What is the normal range for RBCs? | 4.3- 5.7 |
| What is the normal range for HGB? | 13.2- 17.3 |
| What is the normal range for HCT? | 39- 49 |
| What is the normal range for MCV? | 80- 100 |
| What is the normal range for MCH? | 26- 36 |
| What is the normal range for MCHC? | 31-37 |
| What is the normal range for RDW? | 11- 15 |
| What is the normal range for platelets? | 150- 400 |
| What is the normal range for MPV? | 7.5- 11.5 |
| Name the 5 WBCs in order of most to least (mnemonic: never let monkeys eat bananas) | Neutrophils: 55- 70% (funct: Phagocytosis) Lymphocytes: 20-40% (immunity B and T cell) Monocytes: 2-8% Phagocytosis (antigen production) Eosonophils: 0-4% ( allergic rxn, Parasitic) Basophils: 0.5- 1% (inflammatory) |
| What is plasma composed of? | water, proteins and electrolytes |
| What are the formed elements in blood? | Erythocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), Thrombocytes (platelets) |
| Function of a RBC? | transport O2 and CO2, flexible in shape (easy to transport in and out of capillary) made of HGB (HEME: iron compound) that binds to O2 and CO2 |
| Function of a WBC? | Infection/ immunological function |
| Function of a thrombocyte (platelet)? | blood coagulation |
| Describe the function in bone marrow (red) and its relationship to cells | The (red) marrow produces, RBC, WBC, and platelets |
| Immature RBC is named? | Reticulocyte |
| Define hemolysis | Destruction of old RBCs |
| What hormone controls erythropoesis? | erythropoetin |
| Describe facts of platelets and the clotting process | Have to be large in number with good structure work as plugs. there are intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Vitamin K required for activation. Fibrin is what is visibly seen. |
| Define anemia | Reduction of RBCs or quantity of HGB/HCT. it's not a DX but a clinical sign. |
| Reasons for anemia | Bleeding, poor functioning bone marrow, genetics, dietary insufficiency. |
| Intrinsic and extrinsic anemia | Intrinsic- sickle cell, G6PD (enzyme) Extrinsic: Physical trauma, antibodies, infection, autoimmune disease, meds, toxins (malaria) |
| Describe Cardiovascular s/s of anemia | increased HR at rest. Systolic murmurs- palpitaions (with mild exercise) |
| Describe Respiratory s/s of anemia | SOB (mild exercise) decreased O2 sat. |
| Describe hematologic s/s of anemia | Morphology (cell) decreased HGB/HCT ( or HCT may be increased) decreased RBC |
| Describe skin s/s of anemia | Pallor, Jaundice/ purtitis, cool, brittle spoon shaped nails |
| Describe CNS s/s of anemia | Fatigue, headache, irritability |
| Describe GI s/s of anemia | Blood in stools |
| Name some things to treat anemias | Blood transfusion, drug therapy, O2 therapy, dietary and lifestyle |
| Name some diagnostics for TX of anemia | endoscopy, colonoscopy, bone marrow biopsy |
| Name some meds used to TX anemia | Procrit (Erythropoietin), daily vitamin, iron replacement |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia (microcytic), describe: | Most common (adults and children) 30% world population at risk; very young, adolescent, poor diets, low socioeconomic class; pregnant/menstruation women; preemies. Other: Malabsorption, homolysis, and occult loss. |
| Diagnostics for Iron Deficiency Anemia (microcytic) | History and physical (cheilitis, glossitis, headache); endoscopy; colonoscopy; bone marrow biopsy;Decreases HGB/HCT, ferritin, serum iron & MCV increase/ decrease reticulocytes |
| Define Cheilitis and glossitis | Cheilitis; swollen lips Glossitis: swollen beefy tongue |
| Medical management of Iron Deficiency Anemia | TX of underlying problem (alcoholism/ malabsorption); Replace Iron (medicate) teaching |
| What do we want to remember when giving Iron? | Stains teeth in children- give using a straw when using liquid form. May upset stomach; Use Z-track when giving IM; May cause constipation. Infants >6 months will get iron fortified food/ formula (no more than 32 oz a day). Eat red meats and green leafy veggies. |
| Normocytic anemia | d/t; increased cell destruction; decreased RBC production. Ex: aplastic anemia, sickle cell, DICG6PD, various autoimmune diseases |
| Aplastic Anemia description: Normocytic | Bone marrow supression (pancytopenia) congenital: choromosomalaquired: exposure to radiation, viral/bacterial infections, toxic chemicals, meds (gold, antiseizure and sulfa) |
| Pancytopenia definition | Decreased amount in all cells (RBC, WBC, and platelets) |
| Diagnostics for Aplastic Anemia | Bone marrow suppression: neutropenia decreased HGB, WBC and platelts; prolonged bleeding time; bone marrow biopsy |
| Medical management of Aplastic Anemia | blood transfusions (packed cells and platelets) Hematopoietic Stem cell transplant: high dose of steroids (Prednisone), Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) |
