| A | B |
|---|
| nervous system | cells specialized for carying signals from one location to another |
| neuron | function cell of the nervous system |
| central nervous system (CNS) | barin and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | nerves that carry information into and out of the CNS |
| nerve | cablelike bundle of neuron extension |
| ganglia | clusters of neuron cell bodies |
| sensory input | conduction of signals from receptors to integration centers |
| integration | interpretationof sensory signals and formulation of appropriate responses |
| motor output | conduction of signals from inegration centers to efecto cells |
| effector cells | muslce/gland cells that carry out the response |
| reflexes | automatic response to stimuli produced by a simple circuit |
| sensory neurons | convey information from sense receptors into the CNS |
| interneurons | make up the CNS |
| motor neurons | convey information from the CNS to the effectors |
| cell body | part of the neuron containing its nucleus and organelles |
| dendrites | highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals |
| axon | single longer extension of neuron that transmits signals to other neurons |
| glia | cells that support and maintain neurons |
| myelin sheath | thick insulating material on some axons that speed up signal transmission |
| Schwann cell | glial cells that wrap around axons to form myelin sheath |
| nodes of Ranvier | spaces in the myelin sheath inbetween Schwann cells |
| synapse | site of communication between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron |
| synaptic terminal | branched ends of an axon |
| membrane potential | potential energy of electrical charge difference across a neuron's plasma membrane |
| resting potential | voltage across the membrane of a neuron at rest with Na+ outside K+ inside |
| sodium-potassium pump | pumps Na+out of cell and K+ into cell to maintain a resting potential |
| stimulus | any factor (environment change) that causes a nerve signal to be generated |
| action potential | electrical charges that exist when a nerve signal is carrying information |
| threshold | minimum change needed to initiate a reaction potential |
| synaptic cleft | narrow gap betwen axon and dendrites |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messngers that difuse across synapse |
| synaptic vesicles | secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitters a terminal ends of axons |
| chemically gated ion channels | receptors activated by neurotransmitted to open ion channels in dendrite endings |
| inhibitory synaptic terminal | when occupied increases threshold needed to send a signal |
| excitatory synaptic terminal | when occupied decreases the threshold need to send a signal |
| acetylcholine | important neurotransmitter in brain between sensory and motor neurons |
| biogenic amines | neurotransmitters derived from amino acids |
| gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) | example of an amine inhibitatory neurotransmitter |
| epinephrine | mainly hormone can acts as a neurotransmitter in retina |
| norepinephrine | neurotransmitter deficiency associated with some types of depression |
| serotonin | neurotranmitter associated with sleep/moods/attnetion |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter deficiency associated with Parkinson's disease |
| endorphins | inhibitatory neurotransmitter that decreases pain perception |
| nitric oxide | neurotransmitter that induces blood engorgement of penis |
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | medications that block serotonin receptors to alter individual's moods |
| valium/xanax | tranquilizers that activate GABA receptors |
| aspartate/glutamate | example of an amine excitatory neurotransmitter |
| ADHD | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
| ritalin | mimics dopamine and norepinephrine used to treat ADHS |
| tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) | mimic neurotransmitters of brain receptors for pain/appetitie/memory |
| opiates | bind to endorphin receptors to reduce pain produce euphoria |
| nicotine | acts as a stimulant by binding to acetylcholine receptors |
| nerve net | simple system of neurons fround in cnidarians |
| cephalization | evolutionary trand of concentrating nervous system components at head end of animals |
| centralization | evolutionary trend of having the presence of a CNS distinct from nerves going to edges of body |
| nerve cords | clearly defined centralized groups of neurons to control animal movement |
| spinal cord | convaeys information to and from the brain intergrates simple responses |
| brain | master control center for integration, homeostasis, emotion, intellect |
| blood brain barrier | prevents certain chemicals from entering brain to maintain a stable chemical environment |
| ventricles | fluid filled spaces within the brain |
| central canal | narrow space in center of spinal cord continuous with brain ventricles |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | fluid contained in ventricles and central canal of CNS |
| meninges | protective membranes around the brain |
| dura mater | hard outermost membrane protecting the brain |
| arachnoid mater | web like layer of collagen fibers can act as a shock absorber |
| pia mater | most delicate layer composed of capillaries form choroid plexus |
| white matter | CNS regions composed of myelinated axons |
| gray matter | CNS regions composed of unmyelinated cell bodies |
| cranial nerves | nerves originating in brain innervates head region mostly |
| spinal nerves | nerves originating in the spinal cord innervare body below the head |
| somatic nervous system | nerves originating in the spinal cord innervare body below the head |
| autonomic nervous system | carries signals to smooth and cardiac muscle in response to internal stimuli |
| parasympathetic division | activates activities to gain or conserve energy |
| sympathetic division | activates activites that utilize and release energy |
| enteric division | nervus network of ANS in digestive organs |
| forebrain | portion of brain formed from anterior part of neural tube |
| cerebrum | most complicated integration cognitive portion of brain |
| cerebral hemispheres | right and lefts sides of cerebrum |
| frontal lobe | anterior portion of cerebrum w/ motor cortex and speech areas |
| parietal lobe | mid portion of cerebrum w/speech, taste, reading areas |
| temporal lobe | lower lateral region of cerebrum w/hearing, smell areas |
| occipital lobe | lower rear portion of cerebum w/vision areas |
| lateralization | right and left sides of cerebrum specialized functionally |
| corpus callosum | band of nerve fibers connectr right and left hemispheres |
| cerebral cortex | outer cell body (gray matter) rich area of cerebrum |
| basal nuclei | region import to motor coordination |
| diencephalon | floor of the fore brain second area |
| thalamus | relay center sends inpulses to proper regions of cerebrum |
| hypothalamus | floor of forebrain coordinates endocrine and nervous systems |
| posterior pituitary | stores neurohormones formed by hypothalamus |
| pineal gland | controls cricadian rhythms of arousal/sleep |
| midbrain | interface region between cerebrum, medulla and cerebellum |
| brainstem | lower most portion of brain connects to spinal cord |
| hindbrain | portions of brain formed from posteriormost region of "swollen" neural tube |
| pons | connect cerebrum/cerebellum most sensory crainial nerves originate here |
| cerebellum | control center of muscle coordination |
| medulla oblongata | control centers for breathing/circulation/swallowing/digestion |
| biological clock | internal time keeper maintains daily repetitive patterns |
| circadian rhythms | wake and sleep cycles |
| limbic system | region of hypothalamus controls survival feeding/agression/sexuality |
| memory | ability to store/retrieve information derived from experience |
| amygdala | recognition of facial expressions/emotions |
| hippocampus | formation/recall of memories |
| short-term memory | memory that last for a short time period |
| long-term memory | memory that is held/retained for long periods of time |
| schizophrenia | nervous disorder invovling inability to distinguish reality |
| depression | nrevous disorder with persistent sadness, loss of energy, lack of sleep, suicidal thought |
| bipolar disorder | a.k.a manic depressive disorder characterized by wide mood swings |
| Alzheimer’s disease | mental deterioration characterized by confusion, memory loss |
| Parkinson’s disease | motor disorder characerized by slow movement/muscle rigidity |
