| A | B |
|---|
| cotyledons | embryonic/seed leaves store food for plant embryo |
| monocot | plant seed with one seed leaf |
| dicot | plant seed with two seed leaves |
| eudicot | "true" dicot plants |
| root system | anchors plant, absorbs nutrients/water, stores food |
| shoot system | composed of stem, leaves, flowers |
| stems | above ground portion of plant |
| nodes | points on stem where leaves are attached |
| internodes | portion of stem in between leaf attachments |
| leaves | plant's photosynthetic organs |
| monocot leaves | parallel veins |
| monocot stems | scattered vascular bundles |
| monocot flowers | petals in multiples of three |
| monocot roots | fibrous root system |
| dicot leaves | branched veins |
| dicot stems | vascular bundles arranged in rings |
| dicot flowers | petals in multiples of four or five |
| dicot roots | taproot system |
| terminal bud | growing region at the tip (apex) of stem |
| axillary bud | growing regions in the angle formed between a leaf and the stem |
| apical dominance | hormone of terminal bud inhibits growth of axillary buds |
| rhizomes | horizontal stems oftern found below soil surface |
| tuber | enlarged food storage rhizome |
| tendril | modified leaf used to help plants climb |
| stolon (runner) | horizontal stem that runs along the soil surface |
| tissue | groups of cells with common structure/function |
| tissue system | one or more tissues organized into a functional unit |
| dermal tissue system | forms the outer protective covering of plant |
| epidermis | single layer of tightly packed cells on surface of plant organs |
| cuticle | waxy coating that helps to prevent water loss |
| vascular tissue system | tissues that provide support and long distance transport |
| xylem | vascular tissue transports water up plant |
| phloem | vascular tissue transports food down plant |
| ground tissue system | storage/support tissues between dermal and vascular systems |
| pith | ground tissues inside the vascular tissues |
| cortex | ground tissues outside of vascular tissues |
| vascular cylinder | central area of root containing xylem and phloem |
| endodermis | innermost cortex sinlge cell layer acts as a selective barrier |
| vascular bundles | clumps of xylem and phloem within ground tissue |
| stomata | epidermal pores in plant leaves |
| guard cells | epidermal cells regulate openin/closing of stomata |
| mesophyll | photosynthestic ground tissue of the leaf |
| vein | vascular tissue of the leaf |
| parenchyma cells | thin flexible walled cells for photosynthesis/respiration/storage |
| collenchyma cells | unevenly thick walled flexible support cells |
| sclerenchyma cells | thick walled (lignin) strengthened support cells |
| fiber cells | long slender support cells |
| sclereid | short thick hard cell walls form protection |
| water conducting cells | specialized cells forming xylem tissue |
| tracheid | long thin tapered dead cells of xylem |
| vessel elements | wider shorter dead cells of xylem tissue |
| food conducting cells | cellular components of phloem tissue |
| sieve-tube members | living cells with perforated end walls |
| sieve plates | perforated ends that allow exchange of materials between phloem cells |
| companion cell | cell that helps to maintain the function of phloem cells |
| indeterminate growth | growth characteristic of plants that continue to grow throughout their life time |
| determinate growth | grwoth characteristic of animals where it ceases upon reaching a certain size |
| annuals | plants that complete their life cycle in a single year or less |
| biennials | plants that complete their life cycle over a tow year period |
| perennials | plants that live and reproduce for many years |
| meristem | regions in plants with actively (mitotic) dividing cells |
| apical meristem | growth regions at tips of stems and roots |
| primary growth | plant growth that increase plant length into ground/into air |
| root cap | cells protecting apical meristem of roots |
| zone of cell division | region of root where cells divide to form more cells |
| zone of elongation | region of roots where cells become larger by elongating |
| zone of maturation | region of root where cells begin to specialize/differentiate |
| primary xylem | initial "ring" of water transporting cells in the root |
| primary phloem | initial "ring" of food transporting cells in root |
| secondary growth | lateral growth of tissues to increase the girth of plant |
| lateral meristem | dividing cells responsible for lateral/secondary growth |
| vascular cambium | sigle cell layer of meristem betwen xylem and phloe |
| secondary xylem | tissue formed from when cambium cell divides inward |
| secondary phloem | tissue formed from when cambium cell divides outward |
| wood | secondary nontransporting xylem of a tree |
| dendrochronology | scinece of analyzing tree ring growth patterns |
| cork | outer protective layer of dead cells formed by external meristem |
| cork cambium | external meristem that form protective layer when it divides |
| bark | all cell layers external to vacular cambium (phloem, cork cambium, cork) |
| wood rays | parenchyma cell transport materials laterally in stem of trees |
| heartwood | center of trunk older xylem filled with resin no longer conducting |
| sapwood | outer layer of trunk newer xylem conducting sap/water |
| springwood | layer of larger xylem cells used when water need is greatest |
| summerwood | layer of smaller xylem cells used when water need lessened |
| flower | transitory reproductive organ of angiosperm plants |
| sepal | outermost structures enclose and protect inner flower structures |
| petal | leaf-like structures used to attract pollinators |
| stamen | male reproductive structure of flower |
| anther | top of stamen produces pollen |
| filament | stalk of stamen elevates anther |
| carpel | female reproductive structure of flower |
| stigma | landing platform for pollen on top of carpel |
| style | slender stalk that elevates stigma |
| ovary | swollen bas of carpel contains ova |
| ovule | produces the ova in the ovary |
| germinate | seed begins to grow under the proper conditions |
| sporophyte | diploid life stage of plant |
| gametophyte | haploid life stage of plant |
| embryo sac | multicellular structure that forms/protects an ovum |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
| endosperm | triploid food storage tissue formed from endsper nucleus and two polar nuclei |
| double fertilization | process by which two sperm nuclei unite with nuclei in embryo sac |
| seed coat | protective coating of the seed |
| seed dormancy | growth/development suspended until proper conditions for successful growth of plant |
| epicotyl | uppper part of embryo plant forms leaves and upper stem |
| hypocotyl | lower portion of emryo plant forms lower stem |
| root radicle | lowest portion of embryo plant forms the roots |
| fruit | specialized vessel houses and protects seeds |
| clone | asexually produced offspring identical to adults |
| fragmentation | process by which offspring separate from parent plant |
| monoculture | practice of growing large areas of land with a single plant species |
| runners | asexual reproduction through above ground stems |
| rhizomes | asexual reproduction through |
| bulbs | fleshy underground leaves used in asexual reproduction |
| corms | dry underground leaves used in asexual reproduction |
