| A | B |
|---|
| promiscuous | animals mating with multiple partners |
| polygamous | individuals of one sex mate with several individuals of the opposite sex |
| monogamous | animals mate with a single partner and cooperative care for offspring |
| behavior | sum of responses to internal and external environmental cues |
| behavioral ecologists | study of animal behavior within an evolutionary contest |
| proximate causes | the immediate mechanism/purpose/cause of a behavior |
| ultimate causes | evolutionary explanation of why the behavior exists |
| innate behavior | behavior under strong genetic controlled performed in the same way by every individual in a species |
| fixed action patterns (FAPs) | unchangable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus |
| learning | modification of a behavior as a result of specific experiences |
| habituation | animal learns not to respond to a repeate stimulus that conveys little or no information |
| spatial learning | using landmarks to move through the environment |
| cognitive mapping | building internal representations of spatial relationships of objects in environment |
| associative learning | association of external stimuli with positive/negative effects |
| social learning | behavioral changes resulting from the observation/imitation of others |
| problem solving | application of past experiences to overcome obstacles in novel situations |
| imprinting | irreversible learning limited to to a specific time period in an animal's life |
| sensitive (critical) period | limited phase of development in which an animal can learn a particular behavior |
| kinesis | random movement triggere by a stimulus |
| taxis | response directed toward/away from a stimulus |
| Konrad Lorenz | described imprinting with goslings |
| cognitive map | internal representation/code of the spatial relationships among objects in an animal's surroundings |
| migration | regular back/forth movement of animals between two geographical locations |
| trial and error learning | animals learn to associate their behavior/actions with positive/negative effects |
| foraging | any mechanisms an animal uses to searchfor/recognize/capture food |
| search image | mechanism that allows an animal to find particular foods efficiently |
| optimal foraging theory | an animal's foraging behavior should provide maximum energy gain with minimal energy expense/danger of predation |
| signal | stimuls transmitted between |
| communication | sending/receiving/responding to signals |
| waggle dance | worker bee communicate location of a distant food source |
| round dance | bee communication of local food source location |
| courtship ritual | series of signals that reinfoce/form pair bonds for repoductive success |
| parental care | behavior of parents that increase offspring survival rate |
| certainty of paternity | behaviors that eneable individuals to ensure the perpetuation of their genetic characteristics |
| sociobiology | the study of how social behaviors are adaptive and evolved via natural selesction |
| territory | area with a fixed location defended by individuals from other member of their species |
| agonistic behavior | use of threats/rituals/combat to gain/retain access to a limited resource |
| dominance hierarchy | ranking of individuals in a group based on social interactions |
| pecking order | diminance heirarchy system found in chickens |
| Jane Goodall | studied the social behavior of chimpanzees in the wild |
| altruism | animals mating with multiple partners |
| inclusive fitness | an individual's success in perpetuating their genes by producing own offspring/helping close relatives offspring survival |
| kin selection | natural selection favoring altruistic behaviors that benefit relatives |
| reciprocal altruism | altruistic behavior/act repaid/repeate at a later time br a previos beneficiary |
