| A | B |
|---|
| Kwame Nkrumah | western-educated leader in Gold Coast (later Ghana) tried to follow Ghandis methods of non-violence and was imprisoned |
| Jomo Kenyatta | western-educated leader in Kenya who supported non-violence and was imprisoned |
| Mau Mau | Kenyan guerrilla radicals who tried to scare whites out of Kenya |
| National Liberation Front | set up by Algerian nationalists to get freedom from France |
| 4 European Powers | controlled most of Africa in 1945: Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal |
| African Nationalism | greatly increased as a result of World War II |
| mixed economy | utilizing both government and private-owned enterprises |
| military coups | attempts to overthrow government, more than half of all African nations had |
| Two goals | desire of African nations for stable government and improved economics |
| Biafra | African country where Ibo declared independence of southeast Nigeria, a blockade killed many |
| Ibrahim Babangida | Nigerian General who restored economic stability in the 1980s but became a dictator |
| Mobutu Sese Seko | seized power in Congo's Civil War, set up harsh dictatorship and modern Zaire |
| Julius Nyere | Tanzania's first president tried to improve life |
| Ujamaa | Kiswahili word meaning familyhood or mutual cooperation |
| Ian Smith | Rhodesia's white majority government leader |
| Robert Mugabe | led guerrillas in overtaking Smith, became president of Zimbabwe |
| Laurent Kabila | forced Mabutu from power and renamed it the Democratic Republic of Congo |
| Nelson Mandela | imprisoned for 27 years for his anti-white rule activities, became the first post-apartheid president of South Africa |
| African National Congress (ANC) | Black South African resistance organization to apartheid |
| Sharpeville | location of peaceful ANC demonstration turned massacre |
| Desmond Tutu | Black Anglican bishop who won Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for peaceful apposition to apartheid |
| F. W. de Klerk | elected president of South Africa who abandoned apartheid, released Mandela and helped set up multi-racial elections |
| Southwest African People's Organization (SWAPO) | fought for independence, receiving it in 1990 as Namibia |
| apartheid | separation of races, increased after World War II |
| Organization of African Unity (OAU) | set up in 1963 to work toward cooperation among African nations against colonial rule |
