| A | B |
|---|
| life cycle | the sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next |
| genome | the geneitc information of an individual |
| asexual reproduction | the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent |
| chromosomes | structures that conatin most of the organism's DNA |
| sexual reproduction | offspring produced by a combination og genes from two parents |
| cell division | reproduction of cells |
| binary fission | prokaryotic cell division |
| chromatin | diffuse mass of long thin fibers composing chromatin |
| system chromatids | duclicated chromosome's two identical copies of DNA |
| centromere | point of attachment of sister chromotids |
| cell cycle | orered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first fromed from a parent cell until it divides into two |
| interphase | cell performs its various functions |
| mitotic phase (M phase) | cell is actively dividing |
| mitosis | process of cell division within the cell cycle |
| cytokinesis | process of division of the cyoplasm during mitosis |
| karyokinesis | process of nuclear division during mitosis |
| G1 phase | first growth phase cell makes materials needed for normal function |
| S phase | cell synthesizes DNA needed for replication/division |
| G2 phase | second growht phase cell prepares materials needed for mitosis |
| G0 phase | special stage of non mitotice cells whose function cannot be disrupted by replication |
| prophase | chromatin condenses spindle appears nucleolus disappear |
| prometaphase | doubled chromosomes appear nuclear membrane disappears spindle attach to centromere |
| metaphase | doubled chromosomes line up in the eqauatorial plane |
| anaphase | centromeres split to separate sister chromatids chromsomes move to poles |
| telophase | chromosomes uncoil nucleolus nuclear membrane reappear spindle disappears cytoplasm divides |
| cleavage furrow | cytoplasmic division process in animal cell |
| cell plate | cytoplasmic division process in plant cells |
| growth factor | protein that stimulates cells to divide |
| density-dependent inhibition | crowded cells stop dividing |
| anchorage dependence | cells need contact with a solid surface to divide |
| cell cycle control system | molecules that trigger/coordinate events in cell cycle |
| cancer | disease where abnormal/mutant cells that do not recpond to cell cycle control system |
| tumor | abnormally growing mass of body cells |
| benign tumor | abnormally dividing cells remain in original site |
| malignant tumor | abnormal dividing cells spread to other parts of the body |
| metastasis | spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system |
| carcinomas | cancers originating in external/internal linings |
| sarcomas | cancers arising in support tissues (bones/muscle) |
| leukemias | cancers of white blood cells |
| lymphomas | cancers of lymphocyte white blood cells |
| checkpoint | cotrol point in cell cycle where stop/go ahead signals regulate cycle |
| somatic cell | typical body cell of an organism with two sets of chromosome |
| gamete cells | reproductive cells with one set of chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | chromsomes pair that determines an individuals gender |
| autosomes | chromosomes carrying genes for function |
| diploid cell | two sets of chromosomes in nucleus of cell |
| haploid cell | one set of chromosomes in nucleus of cell |
| fertilization | union of 2 haploid cells to forms new diploid cell |
| zygote | diploid cell formed by fertilization |
| meiosis | special cell division to form haploid reproductive cells |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes from each parent (male & female) carrying genes controlling same characteristics |
| interphase | duplicated chromosomes form with sister chromatids |
| prophase I | homologous chromosomes align themselves |
| synapsis | "male" and "female" homologous chromosomes align with each other |
| tetrads | four sister chromosomes aligned in the process of synapsis |
| chiasma | point at which homologous (nonsister) chromatids may twist together |
| crossing over | exchange of chromosome pieces between sister chromatids during synapsis |
| genetic recombination | reassortment of genetic information |
| metaphase I | homologous chromosome line up in equatorial plane |
| anaphase I | homologous chromosomes separate and move to poles |
| telophase I | doubled chromosomes reach poles cytoplasm divides |
| prophase II | spindle reappears and attached to doubled chromosomes (sister chromatids) |
| metaphase II | doubled chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up in equatorial plane |
| anaphase II | sister chromatides separate single chromosomes move to poles |
| telophase II | chromosomes unwind cyoplasmic division occurs |
| karyotype | ordered display of magnifie images of chromosome pairs |
| trisomy 21 | karyotype with 47 chromosomes caused by three 21 chromosomes |
| Down syndrome | condition cuased by trisomy 21 |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis |
| Klinefelter syndrome | sex pair nondisjunction resulting in indiviual with 47, XXY |
| Turner syndrome | sex pair nondisjunction resulting in indiviual with 45, XO |
| “Criminal” syndrome | sex pair nondisjunction resulting in indiviual with 47, XYY |
| Triple X syndrome | sex pair nondisjunction resulting in indiviual with 47, XXX |
| deletion | chromosome fragment is lost |
| duplication | chromosome fragment is repeated |
| inversion | chromosome fragment is reversed |
| translocation | chromosome fragment is removed from one chromosome and added to another chromosome |
