| A | B |
|---|
| genetics | science of heredity how traits are passed from one generation to the next |
| character | heritable feature studie by Mendel |
| trait | variant for a heritable feature |
| self-fertilize | pea plants used by Mendelpollen landed on stigma within unopened flowers |
| cross fertilization | Mendel took pollen from one plant's flower and placed it on stigma of another plant's flower |
| true-breeding | parents with a particular character variant produce offspring only with the same character variant |
| hybrids | offspring of two organism of different character variants |
| P generation | first set of individuals crossed predict character variant that will appear |
| F1 generation | first filial generation, which is comprised of offspring(s) resulting from a cross between individuals of different character variants |
| F2 generation | second filial generation, which is comprised of offspring(s) resulting from a cross of the members of F1 generation |
| monohybrid cross | experiment between P generation (parental generation) organisms that differ in a single given trait |
| alleles | one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene |
| homozygous | having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a single trait |
| dominant allele | allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different |
| recessive allele | allele that produces its charater variant only when its paired allele is identical |
| law of segregation | gene pairs separate so that each gamete recieves one member of a pair |
| Punnett square | square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross |
| phenotype | an organism's observable characteristics or traits |
| genotype | gene pairs present that determine observable characteristics or traits |
| gene loci | specific location or position of a gene, DNA sequence on a chromosome |
| dihybrid cross | breeding experiment between P generation (parental generation) organisms that differ in two traits |
| law of independent assortment | alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed. These allele pairs are then randomly united at fertilization |
| testcross | organism of dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype, is crossed to an organism recessive for character variant in question |
| rule of addition | two events are mutually exclusive, then the probability of either occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each occurring |
| pedigree | diagrams utilized to trace the inheritance of a specific trait, abnormality, or disease |
| recessive disorders | genetically inherited disease caused by a recessive allele expressed only in homozygotes |
| albinism | recessive disorder characterized by a lack of pigment that normally gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes |
| cystic fibrosis | recessive disorder affecting mainly the lungs causing secretion of thick mucus |
| galactosemia | recessive disorder that affects how the body processes a simple sugar called galactose |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | recessive disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in your body |
| sickle cell disease | recessive disorder of RBS resulting in abnormal hemoglobin |
| Tay-Sachs disease | recessive disorder in which certain lipids accumulate in the brain, causing spasticity and death in childhood |
| carrier | person that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but does not display that trait/disease |
| inbreeding | mating organisms that are closely related genetically |
| dominant disorders | genetically inherited disease caused by a dominant allele expressed both homozygotes/heterozygotes |
| achondroplasia | dominant disorder of bone growth causing the most common form of dwarfism |
| Alzheimer’s disease | dominant disorder causing a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time |
| Huntington’s disease | dominant disorder causing progressive brain deterioration |
| hypercholesterolemia | dominant disorder cuasing an excess of cholesterol in the blood stream |
| amniocentesis | medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities by taking a sample of amniotic fluid |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | form of prenatal diagnosis to determine chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus. It entails sampling of the chorionic villus (placental tissue) |
| ultrasound imaging | uses high-frequency sound waves to view inside the body |
| complete dominance | dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele in heterozygous condition |
| incomplete dominance | one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed resulting in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the dominant and recessive phenotypes |
| codominance | both alleles equally instead of a blending of the traits |
| ABO blood group | blood types A, B, O, AB caused by codominant and recessive alleles |
| pleiotropy | one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits |
| polygenic inheritance | trait is produced from the cumulative effects of many genes |
| chromosome theory of inheritance | all chromosomes are carriers of genetic material that pass from one generation to the next |
| linked genes | are inherited together with the other gene(s) as they are located on the same chromosome |
| recombination frequency | all chromosomes are carriers of genetic material that pass from one generation to the next |
| sex chromosomes | chromosome pair that determine the sex of an individual |
| XY sex determination | system found in humans XX female XY male |
| XO sex determination | system in grasshopers XX female XO male |
| ZW sex determination | system found in birds/reptiles ZW female ZZ male |
| chromosome # sex determination | system found in bees diploid female haploid male |
| sex linked genes | gene responsible for a condition is found one one of the sex chromosomes |
| hemophilia | X-linked recessive disorder affecting ability of the blood |
| red-green colorblindness | X-linked recessive disorder affecting individuals ability to sense colors red & green |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | X-linked recessive disorder resulting in muscle degeneration and premature death |
