| A | B |
|---|
| Hypothesis | prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related |
| Independent variable (IV) | the factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment |
| Dependent variable (DV) | the behavior or method process that is measured in an experiment or quasi-experiment |
| Population | all of the individuals in the group to which the study applies |
| Sample | the subgroup of the sample that receives the treatment or independent variable |
| Random sample | choosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen |
| Experimental group | the subgroup of the sample that receives the treatment or independent varibale |
| Control group | the comparison group that is NOT exposed to the IV |
| Random assignment | division of the sample into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group or condition |
| Confounding variable | factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable |
| Operational definition | a description of the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable |
| Experimenter bias | a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained |
| Single blind | research design in which participants don't know whether they are in the experimental or control group |
| Double blind | research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the the experimental or control group |
| mean | the arithmetic average of a set of scores |
| median | the middle score when a set of data is ordered by size |
| mode | most frequently occurring score in a set of research data |
| Correlation coefficient (r) | a statistical measure of the degree of relatedness or association between two sets of data that ranges from -1 to +1 |
| Ethical guidelines | suggested rules for acting responsibly and morally when conducting research or in clinical practices |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
| case study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
| false consensus | a belief that others share the same opinion about something, when actually most don't |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists |
| experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
| Overconfidence | Our tendency to think we know more/can do more than we actually do/can |
| Scientific method | 1. If we have a theory we must test it 2.create hypothesis from theory 3.researchers design a study 4.study is carried out and researchers check their results using statistical procedures |
| hawthorne effect | When subjects behave differently than they otherwise would because they are being watched by researchers. |
| replication | the ability to perform someone else's experiment just as they did. |
| statistical significance | When a difference between two groups is most likely NOT due to random chance. |
| range | Shows us the distance between the smallest & biggest numbers in a set. |
| standard deviation | shows us how dispersed around the mean our values are. Tells us what a "normal" score is. |
| representative sample | When your randomly chosen subjects accurately reflect the demographics of a larger population. |
| placebo effect | When people are given a fake drug without their knowledge to see if their expectations affect the outcome. |
| Stratified Sampling | Sampling to ensure fair representation of your population. |
| G Stanley Hall | First male PhD in Psychology |
| Edward Tichener | Founder of Structuralism |
| William James | Founder of Functionalism, author of first Psych. textbook. |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | 1st Woman President of the APA |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | 1st Woman PhD in Psychology. |
| Milgram Obedience Experiment | Unethical experiment that tested people's resistance to authority using a fake torture scenario. |
| Safety and Dignity | Treating research subjects well and keeping their results confidential. |
| Deception | This is allowed during research to a limited extent as long as you come clean in the end. |
| Longitudinal | Studying one person over a long period of time. |
| Cross Sectional | Studying several age groups all at once. |
| American Psychological Association | Creates the ethical standards & research standards |
| Institutional Review Boards | Decides if specific research can proceed or not |
