| A | B |
|---|
| metabolism | all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell |
| homeostasis | the internal environment stays relatively constant (biological balance) |
| emergent properties | unique characteristics that are determined by the interactions between the individual parts |
| cell | the basic functional unit of life (all living organisms have this) |
| observation | using their senses in a formal way to "see what happens" |
| hypothesis | a testable statement based upon observations |
| independent variable | the experimental variable that you change (manipulate) during an experiment |
| dependent variable | the variable that changes in response and is measured |
| prediction | an expected outcome based on knowledge or factors in the experiment |
| theory | concepts that join together related hypotheses that are well-supported with data |
| evolution | all living organisms are decended from a common ancestor and change over time to better adapt to a particular environment |
| principle or law | theories accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists |
| atomic number | unique for each element and equal to the number of protons |
| mass number | includes the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
| atomic mass | the average mass for all the isotopes of an atom |
| valence shell | the outermost shell of electrons |
| octet rule | the shell is most stable when it has 8 electrons |
| electronegativity | the attraction that an atom has for electrons |
| covalent bond | a bond between atoms where the electrons are shared |
| nonpolar covalent bond | when the electrons are equally shared (0.5 or less) |
| polar covalent bond | when the electrons are unequally shared (0.5-1.9) |
| cohesion | water molecules like to stick together |
| adhesion | water molecules stick to surfaces |
| heat capacity (specific heat) | the amount of energy needed to change 1 g of a substance by 1oC (high for water) |
| heat of evaporation | the amount of heat needed to vaporize 1 g of water |
| solvent | the substance present in greater amount in solution |
| solute | the substance(s) present in lesser amount in a solution |
| acid | substance that dissociates in water, releasing H+ ions |
| base | substances that dissociate in water and either take up H+ or release OH- ions |
| buffer | a combination of weak acid and base that minimizes changes in pH |
| hydrogen bonding | an interaction between neighboring molecules where the + dipole in H is attracted to the - dipole in an electronegative atom |
| organic molecule | containing both carbon and hydrogen |
| biomolecule | classes of molecules in living organisms |
| lipid | a biological macromolecule that is not a true polymer but has the defining characteristic of being nonpolar |
| carbohydrate | a biological macromolecule that contains only C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio and is used primarily for energy |
| nucleic acid | polymers of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA |
| protein | a biological macromolecule of primary importance to the structure and function of the cell, made of amino acids |
| monosaccharide | a single (simple) sugar such as glucose, galactose, or fructose |
| dissacharide | two sugars attached together, examples include lactose, sucrose, and maltose |
| dehydration reaction | the joining together of monomers to make polymers by removing water |
| hydrolysis reaction | the breakdown of a polymer by the addition of water |
| polysaccharide | polymers of monosaccharides, examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
| triglyceride | lipids containing 1 glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids, fats and oils |
| phospholipid | lipid containing 1 glycerol attached to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, main component of the cell membrane |
| steroid | lipid containing 4 fused rings, examples include cholesterol, testosterone |
| wax | lipid made of 1 long chain fatty acid and 1 long chain alcohol, protective coating |
| hydroxyl group | (OH-) polar group in all biomolecules, can hydrogen bond |
| carbonyl group | C=O group found in sugars |
| carboxyl group | COOH found in fatty acids, amino acids |
| amino group | basic group containing N (NH2 for example) |
| sulfhydryl group | -SH group that forms disulfide bonds in proteins |
| phosphate group | PO4 (-3), polar, acidic group found in lipids and nucleic acids |
| saturated | have no double bonds between carbon atoms and contain as many H atoms as they can hold (found in fats) |
| unsaturated | have double bonds in their chains which reduces the number of H atoms (found in oils) |
| trans fat | a trigglyceride created by the hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fats |
| amino acids | monomers of proteins, contain an amino group, an acidic group, and side chain (R) |
| peptide bond | a bond formed between amino acids in dehydration reactions |
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| secondary structure | hydrogen bonding between amino acids causes the polypeptide to form alpha helices or beta pleated sheets |
| tertiary structure | interactions between amino acid side-chains (including hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and others) |
| quaternary structure | proteins that have more than 1 polypeptide chain interacting to perform their biological function |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | genetic information about how to copy itself and also specifies the order of amino acids in proteins |
| ribonucleic acid | translates the sequence of nucleic acids in a gene to the correct sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| ATP | a ribonucleotide that is the energy molecule for the cell |
| nucleotide | the monomer of nucleic acids, consists of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen-containing base |
| thymine | a nitrogen base contained in DNA but not RNA |
| uracil | a nitrogen base contained in RNA but not DNA |
| complementary base pairing | in DNA, always a pyrimidine with a purine (A with T and G with C) |
