| A | B |
|---|
| Name | Definition |
| Acid | pH < 7, Reacts w/ Metals, Neutralizes Acids, H+ > OH- |
| Adsorption | Specific particles attracted and trapped on surface |
| Allotropes | Versions of a single element with different properties by arrangement |
| Alloy | Solid solution of metals to get desired properties |
| Anion | Negative Ion |
| Aqueous | Water Solution (Dissolved in Water) |
| Atom | Smallest Unit of an Element |
| Atomic Mass | Weighted Average of all Common Isotopes |
| Base | pH > 7, Does not React with Metals, Neutralizes Bases, OH- > H+ |
| Brittle | Breaks or shatters instead of bending |
| Cation | Positive Ion |
| Centrifuging | Separation by spinning rapidly. Based on Density. Liquids from Solids |
| Chromatography | Separation by particle attraction when being passed through a medium |
| Colloid | Stable microscopic mixture dispersed unevenly. |
| Compound | 2+ atoms chemically bonded together to form a pure substance |
| Covalent (Molecular) Compound | 2+ atoms bonded together by sharing valence electrons |
| Crystallization | Rapid formation of a solid, may push out or trap other materials |
| Distillation | Separation by slow boiling liquids. Based on Boiling Points. Purification |
| Ductile | Ability to be drawn into a continuous wire without snapping |
| Electrolysis | Separation by running a current through a material. Chemical Change |
| Electrolytes | Substance can conduct electrical current when dissolved/melted |
| Electron | Negative Particle with negligible mass that flies around the nucleus |
| Electron Cloud | Area where electron(s) are likely to be found |
| Element | Piece of matter that cannot be separated any more (118 of them) |
| Filtration | Separation by particle size by being passed through somethin else |
| Formula Unit | Smallest Unit of an Ionic Compound that retains its properties |
| Gas | Phase that has lots of space in between particles and low density |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | Uneven combination of 2+ unique substances |
| Homogeneous Mixture | Even combination of 2+ unique substances |
| Ion | Atom with a charge |
| Ionic (Solution) | Ions evenly dispersed throughout a medium by disassociation |
| Ionic Compound | 2+ atoms bonded together by attractive magnetic forces |
| Isotope | Version of an atom with a specific number of neutrons |
| Liquid | Phase with particles close together, but able to flow around each other |
| Lustrous | Reflects light readily, aka shiny |
| Magnetism | Separation by attraction to a negative or positive external charge |
| Malleable | Ability to be shaped easily without breaking |
| Mass Number | Protons + Neutrons of a specific isotope |
| Matter | Anything with Mass and Volume |
| Metal | Shiny, Malleable, Ductile, Conductive, Mostly Solids & Cations |
| Metalloid | Has some properties of both metals and nonmetals |
| Mixture | 2+ substances physically combined |
| Molecule | Smallest Unit of a Covalent Compound that retains its properties |
| Neutral (Solution) | pH = 7, H+ = OH- |
| Neutron | Particle (without charge) that holds protons together in the nucleus |
| Non-Metal | Dull, Brittle, Non-Conductive, Mostly Gases & Anions |
| Nucleus | Dense positive core of an atom holds protons and neutrons |
| Orbital | Region of space where up to 2 electrons can be found |
| Organic Compound | Carbon-based compound whose arrangement determines everything |
| Particle | Specific piece of matter (typically very small) |
| Proton | Positive particle that determines the identity of an atom |
| Pure Substance | Matter made of one type of particle. Cannot be physically separated |
| Separation (by Hand) | Physically picking pieces out of a mixture |
| Shell (Energy Level) | A large area of probability where electrons are likely to be found |
| Solid | Phase with particles tightly packed into a set shape |
| Solution | An even mix of one or more solutes in a solvent |
| Subatomic Particle | A piece of an atom (proton, neutron, electron) |
| Subshell (Block) | A sub-division of a shell (s, p, d, f) |
| Suspension | A temporary mix of large particles that settle on standing |
| Valence Electrons | Outermost layer that determines all chemical reactions |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons (determines the element) |
| Condensation | Physical change of state from Gas to Liquid |
| Deposition | Physical change of state from Gas to Solid |
| Evaporation | Physical change of state from Liquid to Gas |
| Freezing | Physical change of state from Liquid to Solid |
| Melting | Physical change of state from Solid to Liquid |
| Settling | Substances naturally separating by density over time |
| Solute | Substance(s) dissolved within the solvent of a solution |
| Solvent | Substance that does the dissolving in a solution |
| Sublimation | Physical change of state from Solid to Gas |
| Tyndall Effect | Scattering of light by microscopic colloidal particles |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Conservation, energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Entropy, systems/processes tend toward disorder or chaos |
| 3rd Law of Thermodynamics | Efficiency, cooler systems tend toward less disorder |
| Actinides | 1st f-block level (4f), moved below the periodic table |
| Alkali Metals | Most reactive metals |
| Alkaline Earth Metals | Important metals for life and 2nd most reactive metals |
| Atomic Radius | Size of an Atom (Francium is the biggest) |
| Atomic Theory | All matter is made of small particles |
| Chemical Property | Property based on the atoms that can only be tested through changing it |
| Compound Laws (DC and MP) | Atoms combine in small whole number ratios verifiable by mass |
| Electron Configuration | System of letters and numbers detailing where electrons are in an atom |
| Electronegativity | Atom's desire for more electrons |
| Excited State | Electrons that gained enough energy to hop an energy level |
| Gas Laws | 1st Laws of Chemistry, link Vol, Temp, Moles, and Pressure with numbers |
| Grounded State | Electrons at the lowest stable energy level |
| Groups/Families | Columns arranged by similar properties |
| Halogens | Most reactive non-metals |
| Hydrogen Group | Group of one poser element that acts like a metal, but isn't |
| Transition Metals | Metals with flexible electron layers (multiple possible charges) |
| Ionization Energy | Energy needed to peel an electron from an atom |
| Kinetic Molecular Theory | All particles are in constant random motion |
| Lanthanides | 2nd f-block level (5f), moved below the periodic table |
| Law (Scientific) | Description of how things occur (often with math) based on many tests |
| Law of Conservation (Matter) | Matter cannot be created nor destroyed, just moved and changed |
| Laws of Thermodynamics | The rules of how energy behaves |
| Melting Point | Temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid |
| Noble Gases | Non-reactive gases with no electronegativity [last group] |
| Percent Composition | Amount of a part compared to the whole (normally by mass) |
| Periodic Law | If elements are arranged by atomic number, trends will emerge |
| Periodic Table | Organization of elements by properties and atomic number |
| Periodic Trends | Repeating patterns of properties by proper organization |
| Periods | Rows arranged by atomic number |
| Physical Property | Property based that can be tested without changing the substance |
| Poor Metals | Metals beneath the metalloids (Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Bi, Po) |
| Reactivity | How fast (and strongly) elements tend to form chemical bonds |
| Theory (Scientific) | Verified explanation of something, based on many facts repeatedly confirmed |
| Chemical Bonds | Energy holding two atoms together in a compound |
| Activation Energy | Amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Calorimetry | Measuring heat transfer within a system or process |
| Chemical Change | Change that affects the atoms, resulting in a new substance |
| Chemical Energy | Energy found in the bonds between atoms |
| Chemical Reaction | Bonds breaking and reforming, making a new substance |
| Closed System | System in which matter cannot pass, but energy can |
| Electrical Energy | Energy generated by the flow of electrons |
| Endothermic | Heat is required for, or absorbed by, a chemical reaction |
| Energy | Ability to move or change matter (Do Work) |
| Energy Diagram | Picture representing the energy of a chemical reaction over time |
| Energy of Reaction (Enthalpy) | Net change of energy within a reaction |
| Exothermic | Heat is released from a chemical reaction |
| Free Energy | Energy available to do work from a chemical reaction |
| Gravitational Energy | Energy based on the location of matter relative to distance and mass |
| Isolated System | System in which neither matter and energy can pass |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy based on movement |
| Light Energy | Energy wave able to be visually perceived |
| Mechanical Energy | Energy of the moving parts of the machine |
| Nuclear Energy | Energy found within the nucleus of an atom |
| Open System | System in which both matter and energy can pass |
| Physical Change | Change that does not affect the atoms, often easy to reverse |
| Potential Energy | Energy that can be stored (or possible energy) |
| Reversible Reaction | Reaction in which the products can reform the reactants |
| Sound Energy | Energy wave able to be audibly perceived |
| Surroundings | Everything outside the system (distance does matter) |
| System | Area under observation |
| Temperature | Average kinetic energy of an object or area. (Speed of Particles) |
| Thermal Energy (Heat) | Energy transferred by a difference in temperature |
| Transition State | Time when products are first discovered in a chemical reaction |
| Wind Energy | Energy caused by the movement of gases in a direction |
| Alpha Radiation | Positive radiation stopped by skin and paper (Helium-4 nucleus) |
| Amplitude | Height of a wave, determines intensity |
| Background Radiation | Daily dose of radiation received from the environment and processes |
| Beta Radiation | Negative radiation stopped by metal foil (electron) |
| Carbon Dating | Determining the age of very old organic materials by beta emission half-life |
| Chain Reaction | A reaction that causes another reaction and so on |
| Colors | Light photons of specific wavelengths (R.O.Y.G.B.V) |
| Control Rods | Rods that absorb neutrons, stopping or slowing a fission reaction |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | Radiation from all objects (normally harmless) |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | Shows the range of electromagnetic radiation |
| Experiment (Gold-Foil) | Rutherford: atoms were mostly empty space with a dense positive core |
| Experiment (Lead-Box) | Rutherford: three kinds of radiation based on charge (alpha, beta, gamma) |
| Frequency | Rate at which a wave goes up and down (Hertz or 1/sec) |
| Fuel Rods | Rods providing the nuclear material for fission (normally U or Th) |
| Gamma Radiation | Most used form of radiation by humans, no charge and stopped by lead |
| Gamma Rays | Electromagnetic radiation of a very high energy and frequency |
| Half-Life | Amount of time for a radioactive material to lose half of it emissions |
| Infrared | Bigger waves than Red light, often emitted during heating |
| Light (Visible) | Electromagnetic radiation of a very high energy and frequency |
| Microwaves | Electromagnetic waves longer than infrared used in radar and cooking |
| Moderator | Controls neutron flow and reaction rate of a nuclear reactor |
| Neutron Radiation | Radiation without charge used in nuclear power (fission or fusion) |
| Nuclear Bombardment | Nuclei colliding, often shattering or combining while releasing energy |
| Nuclear Fission | Large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei and lots of energy |
| Nuclear Fusion | Small nuclei combining into a larger nucleus and lots of energy |
| Nuclear Radiation | Energy emitted from an unstable nucleus |
| Nuclear Reaction | Reaction involving Protons and Neutrons of atoms |
| Photon | Bundle of light energy of a specific wavelength |
| Radiation | Energy emitted from an object or process |
| Radio Waves | Electromagnetic waves of a very high wavelength used in communication |
| Radioactive Decay | Natural emission of nuclear particles and energy |
| Radioisotope | A radioactive isotope (with an unstable nucleus) |
| Spectroscopy | Identifying elements based on light waves (from excited electrons) |
| Ultraviolet | Smaller waves than Violet light, but not as much as x-rays |
| Wavelength | Length of a wave (inverse relation to energy and frequency) |
| X-Rays | Really short waves of high energy able to penetrate many opaque objects |
| Ionizing Radiation | Dangerous radiation (normally nuclear) that can form ions |
| Non-ionizing radiation | Less damgerous radiation that does not form ions |
