| A | B |
|---|
| surface-area-to-volume ratio | the relationship that explains why cells are small |
| compound light microscope | resolves images down to 0.2 micrometers can be used to view live specimens |
| transmission electron microscope | resolves images down to 0.0002 micrometers, can be used to see the details of subcellular organelles |
| scanning electron microscope | can see very tiny 3 dimensional images, viruses are viewed with this microscope |
| confocal microscope | can label cells with fluorescent dyes and create 3D images by scanning through layers |
| contrast microscopy | includes several types, can increase the contrast in images so fine details can be discerned |
| bacillus | a rod shaped bacterium |
| coccus | a spherical-shaped bacterium |
| spirilla | rigid spiral shaped bacterium |
| spirochetes | flexible spiral shaped bacterium |
| cell envelope | in bacteria, includes the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycolayx |
| plasma membrane | a phospholipid bilayer that controls which substances enter or leave the cell |
| cell wall | maintains the shape of the cell, found in bacteria, plants and some fungi |
| cytoplasm | semifluid solution inside the cell |
| nucleoid | a region in the cytoplasm of bacteria where the DNA is located |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis machinery |
| glycolayx/capsule | a layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall in some bacteria |
| cyanobacteria | a bacterium capable of photosynthesis |
| flagella | an external structure like a tail in some bacteria and eukaryotes that is used in motility |
| endosymbiotic theory | a larger prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller one and the two began living together cooperatively |
| invagination | plasma membrane pinches in and becomes a vesicle or organelle |
| organelle | internal membrane-bound compartments |
| mitochondria | endosymbiotic organelle where most of the ATP for the cell is made |
| vesicles | membraneous sacs that enclose molecules and transport them around the cell |
| nucleus | distinguishing feature of eukaryotes, command center for the cell |
| nucleoplasm | semifluid matrix inside the nucleus |
| chromatin | proteins and nucleic acids, becomes chromosomes just before the cell divides |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| nuclear pores | openings in the membrane that allow substances to enter or leave the nucleus |
| endomembrane system | system of membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalizes the cell so that enzymatic reactions are restricted and cell efficiency is increased |
| endoplasmic reticulum | complicated system of membraneous channels and saccules attached to the nuclear envelope |
| rough ER | contains ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis, folding, and modification, also makes the vesicles |
| smooth ER | does not have ribosomes, involved in synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs, and storage |
| Golgi apparatus | the packaging and transport center for the cell, receives vesicles on its cis face and releases vesicles from its trans face |
| lysosomes | modified vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of old organelles and the digestion of foreign substances |
| microbodies (peroxisomes) | membrane-bound vesicles that are involved in the oxidative breakdown of fatty acids |
| vacuoles | could be storage, contractile or central, play an important role in turgor pressure in plants |
| chloroplasts | endosymbiotic organelle that converts light energy into chemical energy in the making of carbohydrates |
| cytoskeleton | provides structural support for the cell and is involved in cell shape, movement and internal transport |
| actin filaments | smallest cytoskeletal fibers, structural support, cytoplasmic streaming and muscle contraction |
| intermediate filaments | cytoskeletal filaments support the nuclear envelope, formation of cell-to-cell junctions |
| microtubules | cytoskeletal fibers involved in cell division (spindle) and the structures of cilia and flagella |
