| A | B |
|---|
| Special Stain | identifies structures, such as endospores |
| aerotolerant anaerobe | can survive in presence of oxygen, but do not metabolize it |
| type of differential staining | acid fast |
| thermophiles | optimum temp between 45 & 70 degrees C. Found in hotsprings, hot tubs. |
| cell theory | Virchow/ cell is the unit of structure & function, all living things are composed of one or more cells. all cells come from previously existing cells |
| Gram-positive cell wall | has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall & contains techoic acid |
| Gram-negative cell wall | thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane |
| Log phase of the bacterial growth curve | celss are multiplying exponentially |
| pH of most bacteria | pH7 |
| endosymbiotic theory | explains the evolutionof the eukaryotic cell type |
| chemical growth requirements prokaryotes | source of carbon, growth factors, trace elements |
| acidophiles | optimum growth of pH < 5.5 |
| stationary phase of the bacterial growth curve | the # of living cells remains constant |
| found in prokaryotic cells | glcocalyx, nucleoid, ribosome, cell wall |
| diplo | pair of cells |
| staphylo | cells clumped like grapes |
| spirillum | cells possess a twist or bend |
| strepto | cells joined like a string of beads |
| viroid | linked to plant disease (piece of RNA replicates w/in living cells) |
| binary fission | process by which most bacteria reproduce |
| active transport | movement of a substance across a cell membrane that requires energy & enzymes; substance is not changed during movement |
| virus | microorganism not composed of a cell or cells |
| resolution | ability to distinguish 2 objects that are close together |
| parfocal | ability to focus on one object & remain in focus at other objects |
| anabolism | biosynthetic rxns of metab; require energy |
| activation energy | energy needed to trigger a chemical rxn |
| reduction | rxn involving the addition of electrons or H atoms to a compound |
| catabolism | metabolic rxn in which larger molecules are broken down; energy is released |
| denaturation | loss of the three dimensional structure |
| oxidation | rxn involving the removal of electrons or H atoms from a compound |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | binds to enzymeat site other than active site, causing enzyme to change shape so substrate doesn't fit |
| feedback inhibitor | product at end of biochemical pathway that turns off enzyme at the beginning |
| competitive inhibitor | stops enzyme from functioning by blocking the active site |
| photophosphorylation | inorganic phosphate added to ADP using energy captured from sunlight |
| oxidative phosphorylation | inorganic phosphate added to ADP using energy released frm electrons |
| sterilization | destroying all forms of microbial growth |
| 3 MAJOR STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION | glycolisis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain |
| broad spectrum | antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal flora |
| ergosterol | target of most antifungal drugs |
| pyruvate | produced in glycolysis, entner-duodoroff pathway & the pentose pathway |
| physical controls of microbial growth | cold, mechanical removal, filtration, osmotic pressure |
| synergistic | when drugs are more effective taken together |
| antimicrobials may produce | allergic rxns, toxic effects, suppression of normal flora |
| glycolysis is also known as | embden-meyerhoff pathway |
| antiviral drugs target | replication of the virus |
| microwaves do not kill org directly but kill by | the heat they generate in a product |
| a high therapeutic index is | less toxic to the patient |
| taxonomic rank | domain. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species |
| PCR is used to | amplify certain section of DNA |
| base analogs | chemical mutagenic agents that mimic the naturally occuring bases |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that copies DNA to make molecule of RNA |
| classify | use RNA genetic makeup |
| identify | physical charcateristics - dichotumus key |
| tRNA | translate the mRNA |
| mRNA | copy of the original blueprint |
| rRNA | along with proteins, compromises the ribosomes |
| replication | DNA to DNA |
| reverse transcription | RNA to DNA |
| transcription | DNA to RNA |
| translation | RNA to protein |
| conjugation | the method by which plasmids are transferred between cells |
| transduction | requires a virus to transfer DNA frm one bacterium to another |
| transformation | DNA transferred between cells in solution containg naked DNA |
| frameshift | mutation which is usually the result of deletion or addition of a base pair |
| missense | mutation that causes changes in amino acid |
| nonsense | mutation that causes stop codon, producing shortened protein |
| induction | activation of gene transcription |
| signal transduction | process that transmits info frm outside the cell to inside the cell, may result in the induction or repression of gene expression |
| repression | inhibition of gene transcription |
| catabolite repression | decrease expression of genes that encode certain degradative enzymes in the prescence of a compound such as glucose |
