| A | B |
|---|
| First line of defense | urine flow, perspiration, gastric acids, transferrins, mucous membranes,ect. |
| Second line of defense | fever, interferon,, phagocytosis, inflammatory response |
| Third line of defense | suppressor T cells(cell mediated immunity), antibodies, memory cells |
| Nonspecific resistance | protect body against any pathogen |
| Resistance | Ability to ward off disease thru body defenses |
| Agglutination | clumping of the antigen |
| Opsonization | coating cell w/ antibodies |
| Complement | Results in lysis of microbes |
| Neutralization | block attachment to host cell |
| Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity | important in attacking large parasites to big to ingest |
| Active natural | exposure to the disease |
| Active artificial | vaccination |
| Passive natural | antibodies from mother to child thru milk |
| Passive artificial | snake bite antitoxin |
| Normal Flora | are the org that typically reside on your body; protect against infection by pathogens |
| immunoglobin | term aynonymous w/ antibody |
| fever | inhibits bacterial growth, and is a response to bacterial and viral infections |
| Noscomial Infections | infection acquired during hospitalization |
| Factors influencing epidemiology of disease | Dose(3 of pathogens), Incubation period, Population characteristics (immunity, general health, age, religious & cultural practices, genetic background) |
| Endemic | diseases that are constantly present in a given population |
| Epidemic | unusually large # of cases in a population(higher than expected) |
| Pandemic | World wide epedimic (AIDS) |
| Morbidity rate | # of cases of illness in a given time period divided by th pop at risk |
| Mortality rate | percent of pop that dies from the disease |
| Epidemiology | study the cause & distribution of health states in a population ( people who do this are also known as health detectives) |
| How do bacterial pathogens damage host cells? | 1. adherence, colonization, quroum sensing; 2. Production of toxins (E. coli, Clostridium, Salmonella) |
| How organism gain foothold | adherence (they have to stick to become dangerous); colonization ( grow & replicate quickly to colonize the host); quroum sensing (certain # of organisms have to be present to cause infection) |
| Portals of entry | Mucous membranes (respiratory, GI tract, genitourinary, conjunctiva); where skin is not intact; parenteral tract (deposited directly into tissues ex bite, puncture, surgery) |
| Preferred portal of entry | some microbes have preferred portals of entry- otherwise harmless- (anthrax enters the resp. tract) |
| Contact transmission, first mode of transmission | Direct contact (person-to-person; kissing, sex); indirect- from reservoir to susceptible host thru non-living objects(fomite, droplet, vehicles) |
| Droplet | droplet nuclei from coughing, sneezing or talking; droplets travel approx. less than 1 meter |
| Vehicles | travel thru a medium; water, food, airborne |
| Vectors, second mode of transmission | animals which transmit disease from 1 host to another; ex arthropods |
| Stages of desease development | incubation(exposure, microbes reproducing in body); illness(microbes increase in #); period of convalescence(body is returning to the pre disease stage) |
| Septicemia | bacteria are reproducing in the blood stream |
| Toxemia | prescence of toxins in the blood stream |
| Viremia | Prescence of viruses in blood stream |
| Bacteremia | prescence of bacteria in blood stream |
| Local | boils, abscesses |
| Systemic | Measels ( spreads through out the body) |
| Latent disease | Shingles, malaria, herpes ( dormant & reappears) |
| Chronic | TB, syphilis, leprosy, infectious mono |
| Acute | cols, flu (short term) |
| Contagious | easily spread from one host to another |
| Non communicable diseaes | Not spread from one host to another (microbes usually found outside the body) |
| Communicable diseases | spreads from 1 host to another (directly or indirectly) |
| Syndrome | specific set of signs & symptoms associated w/ disease |
| Signs | objective changes in body function, can be neasured or observed |
| Symptoms | Change in body function (subjective, not apparent to observer) |
| Molecular postulates | seek to link gene with disease process |
| Koch's Postulates (steps in determing cause of disease) | A. pathogen present in every case of disease, B. Isolate pathogen & grow in pure culture, C. Isolated pathogen causes disease when innocultaed in lab animals |
| exceptions to postulates | organism doesn't behave the same way in animals as in host; mutations; pathogen may not be the one causing disease; may be dealing w/ the same disease but w/ diff. symptoms |
| Parasitism | the parasite benifits at the expense of the host |
| Mutualism | both partners benifit; ex. E. coli makes vit. K & some B and E. coli gets nourishment |
| Commensalim | One partner benifits while the other is unaffected; ex. bacteria on skin |
| Symbiosis | describes the living together of two dissimilar org.; they include commensalism, mutualism, parasitism |
| Antagonism | normal flora prevent growth of pathogenic species |
| Synergistic | 2 organisms cause greater disease |
| Opportunist | potentially pathogenic species; don't normally cause disease in healthy person; takes advantage of broken skin; may infect if person is immunocompromised |
| Carriers | some people carry pathogens which don't cause disease in them |
| Disease | when infection results in change of health |
| Infection | Invasion or colonization of body by pathogenic microbes OR prescence of microbe in area of body which it is not normally found; May have infection w/ abscence of detectable disease |
| Pathogen | organism that causes disease (pathos= suffering) |
| Infectious disease surveillance | Centers for Disese Control & prevention, Public Health Departments, Worldwide Health Organization |
