| A | B |
|---|
| fluid-mosaic model | interactions between phospholipids, cholesterol and protein contribute to cell membrane structure and fluidity |
| glycoproteins | membrane proteins that have attached carbohydrate chains |
| glycolipids | membrane lipids that have attached carbohydrate chains |
| channel proteins | form a pore that assists molecules in crossing a membrane |
| carrier proteins | also assist molecules in crossing the membrane by binding to and changing their shape to move the molecule across |
| cell recognition proteins | glycoproteins that help the body recognize invaders |
| receptor proteins | have a shape that allows only a specific molecule (called a ligand) to bind, causing a shape change and initiating a transduction pathway |
| enzymatic proteins | plasma membrane proteins that carry out metabolic reactions directly |
| junction proteins | proteins that connect adjacent cells |
| selectively permeable | allowing only certain substances into the cell while keeping others out |
| concentration gradient | difference in amount of solute across the membrane, from high to low |
| hydrophobic core | the interior of the membrane where the fatty acid chains are located |
| aquaporins | allow water to cross the membrane more quickly |
| bulk transport | large particles can exit or enter the cell using vesicles |
| diffusion | movement of lipid soluble molecules or gases across the membrane from high to low concentration |
| facilitated transport | movement of sugars, amino acids from high to low concentration through a protein |
| active transport | movement of ions, sugars, and amino acids against their concentration gradients using energy |
| transduction pathway | series of relay proteins that ends when a protein is activiated |
| response | targeted proteins bring about a cellular response |
| cell signaling | cells communicate with eachother using signaling molecules also called chemical messengers |
| osmosis | movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration |
| osmotic pressure | the pressure that develops in a system due to the movement of water |
| isotonic solutions | solutions with the same concentrations of solutes, the net movement is zero |
| tonicity | the strength of the solution |
| hypotonic solutions | solutions that cause cells to swell and even burst due to an intake of water |
| hypertonic solutions | solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to a loss of water |
| exocytosis | intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and secretion occurs |
| endocytosis | cells take in substances by forming vesicles around the material |
| phagocytosis | cellular "eating", material taken in by the cell is large, such as a food particle or another cell |
| pinocytosis | cellular "drinking", vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | using receptor proteins found in special locations bind to specific molecules and take that substance into the cell via vesicles |
| extracellular matrix | a meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides in close association with the cell that produced them |
| adhesion junctions | mechanically attach adjacent cells |
| desmosomes | internal cytoplasmic plaques attach to intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton, common in muscles and organs |
| tight junctions | proteins that connect plasma membranes between adjacent cells together, producing a zipperlike impermeable barrier, common in intestines, kidneys |
| gap junction | two identical plasma membranes join and exchange small molecules and ions |
| plasmodesmata | the cytoplasm between living plant cells is connected through numerous narrow membrane-lined channels |
