| A | B |
|---|
| landlocked | countries that do not border an ocean or a sea |
| pass | low areas between mountains |
| navigable | river wide and deep enough for ships to use |
| deciduous | trees that lose their leaves in the fall |
| coniferous | trees, evergreens, do not lose leaves or needles |
| mistral | northern Mediterranean cool, dry winds occur in winter and spring |
| sirocco | southern Mediterranean hot, dry winds from Africa that pick up moisture and create humid conditions in southern Europe |
| classical | meaning ancient Greece or Rome |
| city-state | made up of a city and it's surrounding area |
| democracy | political system in which all citizens share in running the government |
| republic | people choose their leaders |
| emperor | all-powerful ruler |
| pope | leader of the Roman Catholic Church |
| feudalism | kings gave land to nobles in return for services |
| nation-state | a country made-up of people who share a common culture or history |
| revolution | sweeping change in the way people think |
| Holocaust | the mass killing of 6 million European Jews by Germany's Nazi rulers |
| communism | a system in which the government controls the ways of producing goods |
| ethnic group | a group of people with shared ancestry, language, and customs |
| welfare state | the government is the main provider of support for the sick, the needy, and the retired |
| fertility rate | the average number of children born to each woman |
| urbanization | concentration of people in towns and cities |
| secular | nonreligious |
| constitutional monarchy | a king or queen serves as head of state, but elected officials actively run the government |
| parliamentary democracy | voters elect members of Parliament, & the leader of the party with the most elected officials becomes prime minister |
| peat | plants that have partially decayed in water |
| bog | low swampy lands |
| productivity | a measure of how much work a person does in a specific amount of time |
| geyser | springs that shoot hot water and steam into the air |
| fjord | narrow inlets of the sea |
| geothermal energy | electricity produced by natural underground sources of steam |
| specialization | focusing efforts on certain activities to make the best use of resources |
| high-technology industry | include making computers and other products that require sophisticated engineering |
| bilingual | using two languages |
| polder | drained lands with rich farming soil |
| multinational company | firms that do business in several countries |
| reunification | when East and West Germany united under one government in 1990 |
| neutrality | refusal to take sides in wars |
| dry farming | farming technique that does not depend on irrigation |
| autonomy | self-rule |
| subsidy | special payments a government makes to support a group or industry |
| command economy | the government decides what, how, and for whom goods are produced |
| market economy | individuals and businesses make the decisions about how how they will use resources and what goods and services to make |
| potash | a mineral used in making fertilizer |
| ethnic cleansing | removing or killing and entire ethnic group |
