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| Lamarck incorrectly proposed that evolution was caused by the ____________________. | need to use something new and or improved during the organism's lifetime. |
| Lamarck proposed an hypothesis of evolution based on the inheritance of _______. His hypothesis was eventually ____. | acquired characteristics, disproven |
| The idea that only ___, ____, and _____ could prevent the endless growth of the human population was proposed by Malthus (and helped Darwin come up with his theory of evolution by natural selection). | famine, war and disease |
| Both _______ and Alfred Wallace proposed explanations for how evolution can work according to natural selection. | Charles Darwin |
| The mechanism for evolution proposed by both Darwin and Wallace around the same time was _____. | natural selection |
| According to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, an organism's survival depends on inherited characteristics that maximize the ____ of the organism. | fitness |
| According to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, an organism's survival is dependent on ____ that maximize the fitness of the organism. | inherited characteristics |
| All the different genes (alleles) of all the members of a particular species make up the species' _____. | gene pool |
| Natural selections act directly on ____. | phenotypes (Natural selection can't act directly to choose the best alleles because sometimes, alleles are hidden as recessive alleles. It can only act on the physical expression of the organism's genotype) |
| When individuals at one end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have the highest fitness, selection is _____. | directional,  |
| When individuals near the middle (or peak) of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have the highest fitness, selection is _____. | stabilizing,  |
| When individuals near the middle (or peak) of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have the lowest fitness, selection is _____. | disruptive,  |
| The type of natural selection that is most likely to lead to the formation of a new species is _____ selection. | disruptive, |
| The separation of a population by a barrier such as a mountain range or a wide river is called _______. | geographic isolation |
| A structure that two different species have in common but seems to have lost its function in one of the species is called a ______ structure and is evidence of common ancestry. | vestigial,  |
| Structures, like the wings of a bat and the arms of a man that have different functions but are derived from the same type of embryological tissue, are called ____ structures and are strong evidence for common ancestory. | homologous,  |
| The ___ of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals look and develop very similarly. This is evidence that these animals are closely related in an evolutionary sense. | embryos,  |
| The type of selection effect shown below is ____., | directional selection, |
| The type of selection effect shown below is ____., | disruptive selection, |
| The type of selection effect shown below is ____., | stabilizing selection, |
| Evolution is occurring when there is a change in the ________ of a(n) ________ in the gene pool of an organism over time. | frequency, allele (for example, if the percentage of blue-eyed alleles in the human gene pool increases over the next 100,000 years, it can be said that evolution occurred) |
| _____ occurs when there is a change in the genetically inheritable characteristics a population over many generation. | Evolution |
| An adaptation occurs when there is a change in a gene (caused by a random ____________ ) that gives an organism a better chance to ___ and ___ | mutation, survive and reproduce |
| A(n) ____ occurs when there is a change in a gene (caused by a random mutation) that gives an organism a better chance to survive and reproduce. | adaptation |
| Comparing nucleotide sequences in DNA or amino acid sequences in proteins common to two different species in order to determine how recently they shared a common ancestor is an example of using _____ evidence to test the theory of evolution. | molecular |
| Molecular evidence for evolution involves comparing ____ or _____ structure between organisms. | DNA, protein |
| ________ selection is caused by selective breeding of plants and animals on farms. | Artificial |
| Artificial selection is caused by ________ of plants and animals on farms. | selective breeding |
| _______ selection is caused by the sexual preferences of males or females within a species. | Sexual |
| The process by which new species are formed is called _____. | speciation |
| Speciation usually occurs because a _____ population of a certain species becomes ______ from the larger population and adapts over time to their new environment. | small, isolated |
| For speciation to be able to occur, two populations must become _______ isolated from each other (meaning that they stop mating with each other). | reproductively isolated |
| At the point where two populations can no longer breed to produce ______ offspring, they are considered two different species. | fertile (For instance, a donkey and a horse can mate and produce an offspring, known as a mule, but since the mule is sterile, donkeys and horses are considered to be two different species. A poodle and a German Shepard can mate and the resulting offspring can also mate and produce a fertile offspring, therefore, poodles and German Shepards are considered to be the same species, namely, Canis familiaris, commonly called "dogs." |
| ____ is the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities. | Adaptive radiation (Darwin's finches, pictured below, are a prime example of adaptive radiation. It is thought that a single species of finch arrived at the Galapagos Islands and underwent speciation as they spread out and adapted to the different habitats on the different islands),  |
| Structures that are similar between two species because the species have adapted to similar environmental conditions, not because they are of common origin, are called _____ structures. | analogous structures (The wings of a moth and the wings of a bat are analogous structures. They both have shape that looks similar because wings have to look a certain way in order to work. However, the wings of moths and the wings of bats are thought to have evolved separately from each other and become similar through convergent evolution) |
| TRUE or FALSE: Individual organisms can evolve or adapt during their lifetimes. | FALSE (Only populations of organisms can evolve. Individuals are either born with certain adaptations that give them a better chance to survive and reproduce, or they aren't. It's the higher survival and reproduction rate of individuals that have certain adaptations that leads to more and more individuals having those adaptations in future generations. That's how populations change, adapt, and evolve over time) |
| TRUE or FALSE: Evolution is just a “theory” and therefore there is no proof or evidence supporting it. | FALSE (This is a misconception because in science, a “theory” is the closest thing to fact that there is. Scientific theories, like atomic theory, theory of plate tectonics, the Big Bang theory, and the theory of evolution have tons of evidence to support them, have been tested extensively, and represent the thinking of the vast majority of scientists who are experts in that particular field. Evidence for evolution comes from the fossil record, anatomical and physiological similarities in organisms thought to be closely related, patterns of development in embryos, and similarities in DNA sequences between organisms. Vestigial structures that seem to have no usefulness but probably did at one time and still do in closely related species are another form of evidence supporting the theory of evolution. There have also been controlled experiments that demonstrate species changing over time along with observations of bacteria and insects that have evolved due to selection caused by exposure to antibiotics and pesticides) |
| TRUE or FALSE: Adaptations happen because organisms need them to survive. | FALSE (This is a misconception because adaptations are caused by completely random changes to DNA (mutations). Most mutations cause organisms to develop poorly or not at all. Often times, mutations will have no noticeable effect. But once in a blue moon, mutations cause organisms to develop new and improved characteristics. There is no reason this happens, but if it happens to give the organism a better chance of survival, the mutated gene is likely to be passed on and become a greater and greater part of that species gene pool over many generations) |
| TRUE or FALSE: Evolution happens when random mutations produce new characteristics that are favored by natural selection. | TRUE |
