| A | B |
|---|
| Introduction (exordium) | First step in classical model; introduces the reader to the subject under discussion; “beginning a web” |
| Narration (narratio) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing |
| Confirmation (confirmatio) | Usually the major part of the text; includes the development or the proof needed to make the writer’s case. Usually makes the strongest appeal to logos |
| Refutation (refutatio) | Addresses the counterargument; serves as a bridge between the writer’s proof and conclusion; largely appeals to logos |
| Conclusion (peroratio) | Brings the argument to a close; usually appeals to pathos and reminds the reader of the ethos established earlier; answers question, “So what?” |
