| A | B |
|---|
| photosynthesis | converts solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate |
| autotrophs | produce their own food |
| heterotrophs | need to eat to obtain energy |
| stomata | gases such as CO2 and O2 enter and leave the plant through these openings |
| thylakoids | flattened stacks of membrane where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur |
| stroma | the semifluid interior of the chloroplast, where the Calvin cycle takes place |
| chlorophyll | the main photosynthetic pigment that captures light |
| C6H12O6 | CO2 becomes reduced in photosynthesis to make this, and it is the starting material for cellular respiration |
| CO2 | the gas that is reduced to make carbohydrates |
| O2 | a waste product of photosynthesis, necessary for aerobic cellular respiration |
| H2O | oxidized during photosynthesis to produce O2, produced during cellular respiration |
| light reactions | occur in the presence of sunlight, chlorophyll absorbs the energy from light and the reactions convert the light into chemical energy |
| Calvin cycle reactions | can occur in the dark, fix CO2 to make carbohydrates |
| absorption spectrum | the absorption of light by a pigment at different wavelengths |
| carotenoids | accessory photosynthetic pigment that is responsible for the yellows and reds seen in the fall |
| photosystem | consists of a pigment complex (light harvesting) and electron acceptor molecules within the thylakoid membranes |
| noncyclic pathway | typically followed in the light reactions which begin with photosystem II |
| reaction center | a particular pair of chlorophyll a molecules that accept the e- |
| electron transport chain (ETC) | a series of carriers that pass e- from one to the other, capturing energy in the form of H+ |
| PSII | the first photosystem, receives e- from water as water splits, releasing oxygen |
| PSI | the photosystem that receives e- from the ETC and is adjacent to NADP reductase, which is the final e- acceptor |
| ATP synthase complex | an enzyme which has a channel for H+ to flow through and the energy will be used to synthesize ATP |
| chemiosmosis | ATP production is tied to the establishment of a H+ gradient |
| RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) | the enzyme in the Calvin cycle that fixes the carbon from CO2 |
| G3P | the carbohydrate generated through the reduction of 3PG in the Calvin cycle and is used to synthesize many compounds in plants |
| RuBP | the starting and ending material for the Calvin cycle, must be regenerated from G3P |
| C4 plants | an adaptation to hot, dry conditions, fix CO2 to PEP carboxylase in the bundle sheath cells, separating carbon fixation from the rest of photosynthesis |
| CAM plants | an adaptation to arid conditions, use PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 at night, separating carbon fixation from the rest of photosynthesis |
| C3 plants | use rubisco and the normal Calvin cycle in mesophyll cells |
| cellular respiration | process by which cells acquire energy by breaking down nutrient molecules produced in photosynthesis |
| NAD+ and FAD | oxidized forms of the coenzymes used during cellular respiration |
| NADH and FADH2 | reduced, high energy, forms of the coenzymes produced during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation (prep rxn), and citric acid cycle in cellular respiration |
| phases of glucose breakdown | Glycolysis, preparatory reaction (pyruvate oxidation), citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | An enzyme passes a high energy phosphate to ADP, synthesizing ATP |
| photophosphorylation | The process in which the energy from light is captured and used to generate a H+ ion gradient used in the synthesis of ATP |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The process in which e- and H+ from the oxidation of the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are used to generate a H+ gradient to synthesize ATP |
| Glycolysis | an ancient anaerobic pathway, glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvates in a series of steps in the cytoplasm |
| preparatory reaction | When pyruvate is transported to the matrix of the mitochondria and then oxidized to form acetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation) |
| Citric acid cycle | begins and ends with oxaloacetate, used to generate many reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) in the complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 |
| fermentation | anaerobic process that produces a limited amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen |
| alcohol fermentation | used by yeast to break down pyruvate to ethanol and CO2, generates a small amount (2 ATP) of energy |
| lactic acid fermentation | used by bacteria to break down pyruvate into lactic acid (in dairy products, cheese) and also by animals when oxygen is limiting for a burst of energy |
| catabolism | degradative reactions, break down complex molecules and release energy |
| anabolism | synthesis reactions, build up complex molecules from simple metabolites |
| metabolic pool | produced by the common products of the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
| acetyl CoA | common metabolite for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
| deamination | removal of an amino group from an amino acid, producing ammonia, which is toxic |
