| A | B |
|---|
| C1-Ob1. Name and briefly explain the three basic things the universe is made of. | The universe is composed of matter |
| C1-Ob2. Describe how the particles in atoms are organized. | Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom. Electrons are located in orbitals according to how much energy they have. The orbitals are vastly larger than the nucleus they surround (like a stadium around a pinhead). |
| C1-Ob3. Describe each of the three basic subatomic particles. | The proton and the neutron are the two largest atomic particles. A neutron weighs slightly more than a proton. A neutron has no electrical charge; a proton is positively charged. The third particle is the negatively charged electron |
| C1-Ob4a. Describe the atomic model developed by John Dalton. | John Dalton's 1803 model was the first fully scientific atomic theory. He proposed that everything is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms (like Democritus) |
| C1-Ob4b. Describe the atomic model developed by J. J. Thomson. | J. J. Thomson's 1897 model is called the "plum pudding" model. He described the atom as a cloud of positively charged material with thousands of negatively charged particles embedded in it. |
| C1-Ob4c. Describe the atomic model developed by Ernest Rutherford. | Ernest Rutherford discovered that atoms are mostly empty space. In his 1909 model |
| C1-Ob4d. Describe the atomic model developed by Niels Bohr. | Niels Bohr was the first to propose in 1913 that electrons orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun |
| C1-Ob5. Describe the key features that the quantum model of the atom added to correct and complete the Bohr model. | The quantum model places electrons in orbitals (energy clouds) rather than orbits. It describes the shapes of orbitals and the rules governing placement of electrons in them. |
| C1-Ob6a. State the contribution of Democritus to atomic theory. | Democritus was a Greek philosopher in the 5th century BC who proposed that everything is made of tiny indivisible particles. He is credited with being the first to propose that matter is made of atoms. |
| C1-Ob6b. State the contribution of James Chadwick to atomic theory. | In 1932 |
| Atom | The smallest part of an element composed of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by a cloud of electrons |
| Charge | An electrical property of all protons and electrons |
| Electron | A negatively charged particle in orbitals around an atom's nucleus |
| Energy | What holds everything together and allows all processes to happen |
| Intelligence | The order that governs the laws of physics and chemistry |
| Ion | An atom that has a net electrical charge (positive or negative) as a result of gaining or losing electrons |
| Mass | The measure of how much matter there is in a substance |
| Matter | Any substance composed of atoms |
| Neutron | A neutrally charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Nucleus | the center of an atom and holds subatomic particles |
| Orbital | An energy region in an atom where up to two electrons may reside |
| Proton | A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Shell | Every electron has a very specific amount of Energy. The electrons are arranged according to how much energy they have. They buzz around in clouds called ______ |
| Subatomic particle | Inside the atom there are 3 particles - nucleus |
| Volume | The measure of how much space an object takes up |
