| A | B |
|---|
| What is ventilation? | The movement of gases between the body and atmosphere |
| What effect does the ANS have on the structures of the lungs? | SNS = relaxation; PNS = constriction |
| What vasoactive substance to the lungs inactivate? | Bradykinin |
| How do the lungs effect RAAS? | Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
| What effect does pulmonary surfactant have? | Keeps alveoli open after expiration |
| What kinds of thing will decrease lung compliance? | ARDS, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, fibrosis |
| What kinds of things increase lung compliance? | Age and emphysema |
| In what location would you find central cyanosis? | Tongue and lips |
| Why does a person experience personality changes in hypoxemia? | The brain cannot store oxygen and needs a constant supply |
| 75% | Normal percentage of oxygen in venous blood |
| 98 - 99% | Normal percentage of oxygen in arterial blood |
| Chemoreceptors assess what? | Changes in oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels and pH |
| What is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia? | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Community acquired pneumonia is diagnoses with _______ hours of admission. Hospital acquired pneumonia is diagnosed after ________ hours. | 48 hours for both |
| Which is harder to treat: Community acquired or hospital acquired pneumonia? | Hospital acquired is more lethal and difficult to treat |
| Does pneumonia have an immune process as a component? | Yes |
| TB is spread by? | Cough or sneezing tiny droplets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| A patient is diagnosed with latent TB. Will they test positive during a skin test? Can they spread the TB? | Yes, they will test positive. No, they cannot spread the disease |
| What causes hemoptysis in lung cancer? | The lesion erodes blood vessels |
| Where are the common sites of metastasis for lung cancer? | Brain, bone and liver |
| What is the first sign of lung cancer? | Difficulty breathing (SOB) |
| Which lung cancer has the poorest prognosis? It is highly malignant. | Small cell carcinoma (this cancer can also make ADH) |
| Why does a patient with long standing lung disease frequently have polycythemia? | In an effort to carry more oxygen the body will make more red blood cells |
| What is a pleural effusion? | A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity |
| What is the major complication of a hemothorax? | Hemorrhage leading to hypovolemic shock |
| Which lung disorder causes a mediastinal shift? | Tension pneumothorax |
| What are some manifestations of a pneumothorax? | Asymmetrical chest expansion, absent or decreased breath sounds over the affected side, tachypnea and tachycardia |
| What is atelectasis? | An incomplete expansion of part of the lung or an entire lung |
| What are three causes of atelectasis? | Airway obstruction (mucus plug), lung compression (pneumothorax, pleural effusion), and absence or loss of surfactant |
| Wheezing and shortness of breath are associated with? | Asthma |
| What is a frequent cause of asthma? | An allergen (see your notes) |
| A patient with a genetic alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency is likely to be diagnosed with? | COPD (like emphysema) |
| What happens in emphysema? | The alveolar walls and capillary beds are destroyed leading to a decreased ability to oxygenate |
| Why is a patient with emphysema pink? | They are retaining CO2 |
| Why does a patient with emphysema use pursed lip breathing? | To prevent the airways from collapsing |
| Why are patient with chronic bronchitis blue and heavier? | The cyanosis results from the obstruction of airflow. The weight gain is due to fluid retention. |
| Who gets more frequent respiratory infections Emphysema patients or those with Chronic Bronchitis? | Chronic Bronchitis. They are also more likely to develop pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure |
| A patient with Cystic Fibrosis likely will have? | Thick mucus leading to frequent respiratory infections; they will also lack the ability to make pancreatic digestive enzymes |
| Are blood clots a ventilation problem or perfusion problem? | A perfusion problem. Blood clots are in blood vessels. This is where perfusion occurs. Ventilation is the exchange of gases between the body and atmosphere |
| A patient with COPD will likely be in what acid-base imbalance? | Respiratory acidosis - they are hypoventilating |
