| A | B |
|---|
| Nausea is a subjective or objective finding? | Nausea is subjective - it's what the patient says it is |
| What are common causes of constipation? | Decreased fiber, decreased fluids, hypothyroidism, aging, sedentary lifestyle |
| A patient has had diarrhea for 2 weeks. It is acute or chronic? | Acute last to three weeks, > 3 weeks it's chronic |
| What are the ANS symptoms of vomiting? | Decreased BP, tachycardia, sweating, salivation |
| Dysphagia is caused by? | Alterations in cranial nerves, neurological impairments, strictures of the esophagus, scleroderma, esophageal cancer |
| What is the cause of GERD? | A week or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES) which is also called the cardiac sphincter |
| GERD increases the risk of developing ___________ which can lead to esophageal cancer. | Barrett's Esophagus |
| What is acute gastritis? Is it permanent? | Acute gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa due to irritants. Remove the irritant then it will resolve. |
| What is a common cause of chronic gastritis? | Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common but also autoimmune disease |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding puts the patient at risk for? | Hypovolemic shock |
| What is hematemesis? | Blood in vomit |
| What is coffee ground emesis? | Blood in vomit |
| What is hematochezia? | Bright red stools |
| What is melena? | Black tarry stools |
| Which disorder can be caused by psychological distress? | IBS (Irritable bowel syndrome) |
| What is steatorrhea? | Fat in stool due to impaired fat absorption |
| In which disorder will the mucosal layer of the intestines have pinpoint hemorrhages? | Ulcerative colitis |
| What's a fistula? | Abnormal connection between two hollow spaces |
| ___________ is continuous and ___________ has skip lesions (noncontinuous) | Ulcerative colitis is continuous. Crohn's Disease is noncontinous granulomas (cobble stone looking) |
| What causes infectious enterocolitis when Clostridium deficile is implicated? | Likely caused by antibiotic therapy |
| What causes Escherichia coli infectious enterocolitis? | feces, contaminated foods |
| How does diverticulosis differ from diverticulitis? | Diverticulitis is an inflammation of the diverticulum. Will have a fever and elevated WBCs |
| What is a complication of diverticulitis? | Peritonitis |
| What is the hallmark sign of peritonitis? | Board like, rigid abdomen |
| What are some manifestations of appendicitis? | Abrupt onset lower abdominal pain which can be referred to the epigastric or periumbilical area, febrile, elevated WBCs, rebound tenderness |
| If a patient has an incomplete fecal impaction you might see? | Watery stool |
| What is a volvulus? | An obstruction caused by twisting of stomach or intestines |
| What is intussusception? | Telescoping of the intestines. Most common obstruction in children less than 2 |
| What are some causes of mechanical intestinal obstructions? | Foreign bodies (surgical items), postop adhesions, strictures, tumors, intussusception, volvulus |
| What is borborygmus? | Rumbling sounds made by the propulsion of gas in the intestines |
| What some manifestations of an intestinal obstruction? | Abdominal distention, absolute constipation, borborygmus, electrolyte imbalances, fluid loss, visible peristalsis, vomiting |
| What is peritonitis? | Inflammation of the peritoneum related to pathogenic (like bacteria) or chemical invasion into the peritoneal cavity |
| What are manifestations of peritonitis? | Board-like rigid abdomen, fever, elevated WBCs, large amount of ECF, increased pain with movement, shallow breathing |
| A person with an immune reaction (allergy) to gluten is said to have? | Celiac Sprue (celiac disease) |
| Hepatitis B is transmitted by? | Blood, booty (sex), and baby (perinatally) |
| Hepatitis C is transmitted by? | Blood (like in IV drug use, infusions), and sex |
| Which types of hepatitis are transmitted by the fecal-oral route? | A and E |
| Which hepatitis is most likely to cause cirrhosis? | Hepatitis C |
| What is the first symptom of colorectal cancer? | Usually bleeding |
| What laboratory tests indicated hepatobiliary function? And which of these is the most specific to the liver? | ALT (most liver specific), AST, ALKPHOS, NH3, Bilirubin, Coagulation panels (PT, INR), Albumin |
| Which type of bilirubin causes jaundice? | Unconjugated |
| What are some common manifestations of Cirrhosis? | Hepatomegaly, jaundice, weakness, weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia |
| What are the LATE manifestations of Cirrhosis? | Bleeding, Varices, Hepatic encephalopathy, Splenomegaly, Thrombocytopenia, Gynecomastia |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma arises from? | Liver cells |
| Cholangiocarcinoma arises from? | Bile ducts |
| Differentiate the pain between cholecystitis and cholelithiasis? | "Cystitis" - RUQ or epigastric pain; "Lithiasis"- RUQ, epigastric with radiation to back, right shoulder and right scapula |
| In acute pancreatitis what laboratory findings would you expect? | Increased amylase and lipase, increased bilirubin, increased WBC, and increase blood glucose (hyperglycemia) |
| Why would a patient with acute pancreatitis have elevated blood glucose? | If the pancreas is autodigesting itself then insulin is not be secreted |
| What type of pain would you expect in acute pancreatitis? | Mild to severe epigastric/ abdominal pain radiating to back, increased pain when lying flat |
| Pancreatic cancer pain | Dull epigastric pain that worsens after eating |
