| A | B |
|---|
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. |
| Habituation | Decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. Young kids may slowly be interested in a toy unless they see it over and over |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which a neutral (footsteps, bell) stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus (food) that naturally brings about that response |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest (bell footsteps) |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | a response that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned (food) |
| Unconditioned response | a response that is natural and needs no training (salvation at smell of food) |
| Conditioned Stimulus | A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus (bell, footsteps) |
| Condition Response | response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (salivation after bell ringing) |
| extinction | a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears (ringing bell w/ food) |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reemergence of an extinguished conditional response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning (after 3 days of ringing bell w/ food, salavated again) |
| Stimulus Generation | occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the 2 stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur (dogs salivating @ sound of buzzer as well as bell) |
| Stimulus Discrimination | the process that occurs if 2 stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between sitmuli (looks, sounds) (dog coming to electric can opener but not to food processor) |
| Operant Conditioning | learing in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences (working for $) |
| Reinforcement | process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceeding behavior will be repeated (pressing a key for food) |
| Reinforcer | any stimulus that increases probability that a preceding behavior will occcur again (food) |
| Primary Reinforcer | Satisfies a biological need, works naturally (food, warmth roof) |
| Secondary Reinforcer | reinforcing because it association w/ primary reinforcer ($, clothes) |
| Positive Reinforcer | a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response ($ for report cards) |
| negative reinforcer | unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that the preceeding response will be repeated in the future (ibuprofen for headache |
| Punishment | stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again |
| Positive Punishment | add something to decrease the behavior (wood spoon, jail, yelling) |
| Negative Punishment | removal of something pleasant (phone, car keys) |
| schedules of reinforcement | different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior (vending machine- &-candy) |
| continuous reinforcement schedule | reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs |
| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule | reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time (slot machine (stronger & longer responding) |
| Fixed- ratio schedule | a schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made (bird pecking colored light so many times for food) |
| Variable ration schedule | a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number (salesperson on phone call 20 people and only 3rd, 7th 10th sell) |
| Fixed interval schedule | a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low (study habits cramming the day before) |
| Variable interval schedule | a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed (pop quizzes varying from 1 every 3 days to 3 weeks- to infuence more studying instead of cramming) |
| Shaping | The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior (saying please and thank you) |
| Cognitive learning theory | an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought process that underlie learning |
| Latent learning | learning in which a new behavior is acquired bt is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it( rats in a maze w/ & w/out food doing something for a reward.) (taking notes before assignment) |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing the behavior of another person or role model (driving washing hands) |
