| A | B |
|---|
| Nucleotide | building block of DNA |
| 3 parts to a nucleotide | phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base |
| The sugar in DNA | deoxyribose |
| The sugar in RNA | ribose |
| Purine | double ring structure consisting of adenine and guanine |
| Pyrimidine | single ring structure consisting of cytosine and thymine |
| Complementary base pairs | A-T and C-G |
| Guanine always and only pairs with . . . | Cytosine |
| Cytosine always and only pairs with . . . | Guanine |
| In DNA, Adenine always and only pairs with . . . | Thymine |
| In RNA, Adenine always and only pairs with . . . | Uracil |
| Thymine always and only pairs with . . . | Adenine |
| Uracil always and only pairs with . . . | Adenine |
| DNA Replication | the process in which a DNA molecule builds an exact duplicate of itself |
| Origin of replication | the location on a DNA molecule where replication begins |
| Replication fork | A "Y" shaped region where new strands of DNA are being assembled. |
| Helicase | an enzyme which breaks the bonds between complementary base pairs in DNA |
| DNA Polymerase | an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a single strand of DNA |
| 2 parts of protein synthesis | transcription & translation |
| codon | a triplet of nitrogen bases in DNA or RNA |
| A codon is a 3-letter "code" for an . . . | amino acid |
| Proteins are assembled in a cell's . . . | ribosome |
| The type of RNA that travels from the nucleus to the ribosome carrying the "message" for amino acids | messenger RNA |
| The type of RNA that "reads" the codons on mRNA, gathers the right amino acids, and transfers the amino acid to the ribosome | transfer RNA |
| the type of RNA that binds the mRNA and tRNA to the ribosome | ribosomal RNA |
| Transcription | the process of synthesizing a strand of mRNA from a strand of DNA |
| Transcription takes place in the | nucleus |
| RNA polymerase | catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA |
| Promoter | a DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription of mRNA |
| Terminator | The DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription |
| Introns | sequences of nitrogen bases that are not involved in the making of the protein |
| Exons | sequences of nitrogen bases that ARE involved in the making of the protein |
| The building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| Translation | the synthesis of proteins |
| Translation takes place in the . . . | ribosome |
| Anticodon | the codon on tRNA that carries the proper amino acid to the mRNA in the ribosome |
| Polypeptide | another term for a protein |
| Mutation | change in genetic material of a cell |
| Point mutation | a mutation in just one base pair of a gene |
| Frameshift mutation | mutations that result from the insertion or deletion of a nitrogen base |
