| A | B |
|---|
| Tolerance | Maximum pain person will tolerate |
| Threshold | Point at which a person feels pain |
| A fibers | Decrease pain perception |
| C fibers | Increase pain perception |
| Neurogenic pain | Originated in neurological system |
| Nociceptive pain | Originates outside the nervous system |
| Acute pain | < 6 months, involves ANS |
| Chronic pain | > 6 months, psychological, interpersonal and financial complications, normal vital signs |
| Phantom pain | Neurogenic pain after amputation |
| Causes of Headaches | Food, medications, diet, stress, environmental stimuli |
| Photosensitivity | Related to lights (UV or fluorescent bulbs) |
| Cluster Headache | More common in males, can be associated with sinus infection, clusters around eye |
| Low motor neuron damage results in | Weakness and atrophy |
| Upper motor neuron damage results in | spasticity and reflex issues |
| Paresis means | Weakness |
| Paralysis means | Loss of movement |
| Muscular Dystrophy what is it? | Autosomal dominant, progressive wasting of skeletal muscles |
| Myasthenia Gravis cause | Autoimmune, antibodies attack/ interfere with acetylcholine receptors |
| Myasthenia Gravis manifestations | Ptosis, expressionless appearance, dysphagia, impaired chewing, muscle weakness |
| Guillain - Barre cause | Immune mediated disorder commonly preceded by upper respiratory infection or GI virus, surgery and rarely vaccines |
| Manifestations of Guillian - Barre | Progressive ascending (ground to brain) symmetric weakness; resolves from brain to ground |
| What is a complication of Guillian - Barre and Myasthenia Gravis | Respiratory issues related to weakness/ paralysis |
| Parkinson Disease cause | Degeneration of the dopaminergic pathway |
| Manifestations of Parkinson Disease | Muscle rigidity, stooped posture, bradykinesia, mask like face, shuffling |
| What does ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) affect | Upper and lower motor neurons |
| Manifestations of ALS | Dysphagia, dysarthria, weakness, spasticity, atrophy of muscles, hyporeflexia, weak respiratory muscles |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology | Inflammation and destruction of myelin in CNS |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) manifestations | Vision and sensory changes, incontinence of bowel and urine, speech difficulty |
| Complete Spinal Cord injury manifestations | Complete absence of motor/ sensory function below level of injury |
| Incomplete Spinal Cord injury | Some motor/ sensory function below the level of injury |
| What is Spinal Shock? | Flaccid paralysis below the level of injury. Initial loss of sensation but gradual recovery of reflexes |
| Neurogenic Shock manifestations | Vasodilation leading to hypotension; due to interruption of sympathetic pathways bradycardia will occur |
| Autonomic Dysreflexia cause | Noxious stimuli |
| Manifestations of Autonomic Dysreflexia | Piloerector response, cool moist skin below injury, flush above injury, bradycardia, hypertension |
| Increased or Decreased (CO2, pH, O2) causes vasodilation | Increased CO2; decreased pH and O2 |
| Cardiac arrest causes which type of hypoxia? | Global (systemic). Will also occur in any disorder that decreases circulating oxygen |
| Normal ICP | 5 -15 mm Hg |
| Normal CPP | Should be higher than 70 -80 |
| Increased ICP early manifestations | Change in level of consciousness |
| Increased ICP late manifestations | Cushing's Triad (systolic hypertension, bradycardia, and widening pulse pressure) |
| What is brain herniation syndrome | A shifting of the brain from its normal location into an adjacent space |
| What is an acceleration injury? | Stationary object (person) hit by moving object |
| What is a deceleration injury? | Moving object (person) hits stationary object |
| Coup injury is | Damage at site of impact |
| Contrecoup injury is | Damage at the opposite side of impact (happens due to the brain bouncing) |
| Linear fracture | Clean break |
| Comminuted fracture | Fragments of bone are depressed into brain |
| Basilar skull fracture manifestations | Otorrhea, rhinorrhea, infection, raccoon eyes, bruise behind ear (Battle's sign), hemorrhage |
| Concussion | Brief loss of consciousness |
| Contussion | Bruise to brain tissue |
| DAI (Diffuse Axonal Injury) | Damage to white matter of brain |
| Epidural hematoma | Arterial bleed above dura of brain |
| Subdural hematoma | Venous bleed below dura of brain |
| Risk factors for Brain Attack | Age, African American ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, anticoagulant therapy, atrial fibrillation dysrhythmia, carotid stenosis |
| Manifestations of Brain Attack | Unilateral weakness or paralysis, lpsilateral (face) and contralateral (body) changes |
| Meningitis manifestations | Nuchal rigidity, N/V, headache, seizures, cloudy CSF |
| Which is worse meningitis or encephalitis | Encephalitis |
| Common causes of seizures | Hypoxia, hypoglycemia, fever, sodium imbalance, head injury |
| Partial Seizure all begin in one or both hemispheres of the brain | Start in one hemisphere |
| Generalized Seizures begin in one or both hemispheres | Start in both hemispheres at the same time |
| What does Post ictal phase refer to? | Period after seizure. Patient is drowsy and sleepy |
| What effect do seizures have on glucose and oxygen? | Can deplete both |
| Manifestations of Alzheimer's disease | Short term memory loss, changes in problem solving |
| Vascular Dementia cause | Blood vessels |
| Picks Dementia pathophysiology | Localized atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes |
| Creutzfeldt - Jakob characteristic | Rapidly progressing |
| Wernicke and Korsakoff | Caused by Thiamine (B1) deficiency |
| Huntington's | Appears in 30's, uncontrolled movement, behavioral and psychological problems |
