| A | B |
|---|
| nativists | U.S.citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them |
| Know-Nothing Party | a political organization founded in 1849 by nativists who supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and to hold office |
| middle class | the social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor |
| tenements | poorly built,overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived |
| transcendentalism | the idea that people could rise above the material things in life;a popular movement among New England writers and thinkers in the mid-1800s |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | popular writer |
| Margaret Fuller | edited a publication |
| Henry David Thoreau | He wrote his book Walden |
| utopian communities | places where people worked to stablish a perfect society;such communities were popular in the United States during the 1700s and early to mid-1800s |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | a classic writer |
| Edgar Allan Poe | a short story writer |
| Emily Dickinson | a poet |
| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | wrote popular story-poems |
| Walt Whitman | praised American individualism |
| Second Great Awakening | a period of religious evangelism that began in the 1790s and become widespread in the United States by the 1830s |
| Charles Grandison Finney | a lawyer |
| Lyman Beecher | traditional minister |
| temperance movement | a social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people drink less alcohol |
| Dorothea Dix | a middle class reformer |
| common-school movement | a social reform effort that began in the mid-1800s and promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardles of social class or background |
| Horace Mann | a secretary of educatiom |
| Catherine Beecher | started an all-female academy |
| Thomas Gallaudent | improved the education |
| abolition | an end of slavery |
| Willian Lloyd Garrison | published an abolitionist newspaper |
| American Anti-slavery | an organization started by William Lloyd Garrison whose members wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for African Americans |
| Angelina and Sarah Grimke | were antislavery activists of the 1830s |
| Frederick Douglas | escaped from slavery to become a great leader 1800 |
| Sojourner Truth | contributed to the abolitionist cause |
| Underground Railroad | a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places |
| Harriet Tubman | escaped slavery in 1849 |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | 1840 attended the World's Anti Slavery Convention |
| Lucretia Mott | planned a form of society to advance the rights of women |
| Seneca Falls Convention | (1848)the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written |
| Declaration of Sentiments | (1848)a statement written and signed by women's rights supporters at the Seneca Falls Convention;detailed their beliefs about social injustice against women |
| Lucy Stone | well-known spokesperson for the Anti-Slavery Society |
| Susan B.Anthony | turn the fight for women's rights into a political movement |
