| A | B |
|---|
| amelogenin gene | genetic locus useful for determining gender |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| buccal cells | cells from the inner cheek lining |
| chromosome | threadlike sructure in the cell nucleus along which genes are located |
| complementary base pairing | pairing of A with T and G with C in DNA |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | molecules that carry genetic information |
| electrophoresis | separation of molecules through migration in a medium under electrical potential |
| epithelial cells | outer layer of skin cells |
| human genome | order of bases on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes |
| hybridization | process of joining complimentary strands of DNA |
| low copy number | fewer than eighteen DNA-bearing cells |
| mitochondria | cell organelle that provides energy for cells contains maternal DNA |
| multiplexing | technique to simultaneously detect more than one DNA marker in a single analysis |
| nucleotide | building blocks of DNA molecule |
| picogram | one trillionth of a gram |
| polymer | large chemical substances composed of repeating units called monomers |
| polymerase chain reaction | technique used for replicating DNA outside of a living cell |
| primer | short DNA strand used to target a region of DNA for replication by PCR |
| proteins | amino acid polymers that play basic roles in the structure and function of cells |
| replication | synthesis of new DNA from exisiting DNA |
| restriction enzyme | chemical that cuts DNA molecules open at specific locations |
| restriction fragment length polymorphisms | different fragment lengths of base pairs resulting from cutting a DNA molecule with a restriction enzyme |
| sequencing | procedure used to determine the base pairs in a piece of DNA |
| short tandem repeat | region of DNA that has short segments of 3 to 7 repeating base pairs |
| substrate control | unstained object adjacent to aan area with a deposite of biological material |
| tandem repeat | chromosome region with multiple copies of a core DNA sequence |
| Y-STRs | short tandem repeats found on the human Y chromosome |
| DNA ligase | enzyme that joins pieces of DNA made by polymerases |
| RNA primase | enzyme that ays down RNA primers during DNA replication |
| SSB | proteins that help unwind DNA |
| DNA plymerase III | enzyme that builds DNA by adding complimentary nucleotides |
| DNA helicase | enzyme that opens and unwinds the DNA molecule |
| replication fork | opened area of DNA helix where replication occurs |
| leading strand | side of DNA where replication is faster because it is continuous |
| lagging strand | side of DNA where replicaion is slower because it occurs in pieces |
| Okazaki fragments | pieces od DNA joined together on lagging side |
| Taq polymerase | enzyme derived from hot springs bacteria used in PCR reactions |
| pyrimidine base | double ringed nitrogenous bases - adenine & guanine |
| purine base | single ringed nitrogenus bases - cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
