| A | B |
|---|
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Model | An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen |
| Element | A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons |
| Molecules | Chemicals that result from atoms linking together |
| Physical change | A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance |
| Chemical change | A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance |
| Phase | One of three forms- solid, liquid, or gas- which every substance is capable of attaining |
| Diffusion | The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Concentration | A measurment of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent |
| Semipermeable membrane | A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules pass through |
| Osmosis | The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration |
| Catalyst | A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process |
| Organic molecule | A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfer, and/or phosphorous |
| Biosynthesis | The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones |
| Isomers | Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula |
| Monosaccharides | Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 atoms |
| Disaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides |
| Dehydration Reaction | A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by moving water |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water |
| Hydrophobic | Lacking any affinity to water |
| Saturated fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms |
| Peptide bond | A bond that links amino acids together in a protein |
| Hydrogen bond | A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a chemical process |
| Cell wall | A rigid substance on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells |
| Central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution which contains a high concentration of solutes |
| Chromoplasts | Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis |
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Cytolysis | The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure |
| Cytoplasm | A jelly-like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of the cytoplasm which results in a coordinated movement of the cell's organelles |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes which perform several tasks within a cell |
| Excretion | The removal of soluble waste materials |
| Golgi bodies | The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell |
| Hypertonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell which resides in the solution |
| Ions | Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons |
| Isotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution |
| Leucoplasts | Organelles that store starches or oils |
| Lysosome | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions which break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids |
| Messenger RNA | The RNA that performs transcription |
| Microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a rope-like structure |
| Middle lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| Mitochondria | The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
| Nuclear membrane | A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| Passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion |
| Phagocytic vacuole | A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs |
| Phagocytosis | The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells |
| Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule which contains a phosphate group |
| Pinocytic vesicle | Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules |
| Plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings |
| Plasmolysis | A collapse of the cell's cytoplasm due to lack of water |
| Ribosomes | Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | ER that is dotted with ribosomes |
| Secretion | The release of biosynthesized substances for use by other cells |
| Secretion vesicle | Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Waste vacuoles | Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion |
| Amniotic egg | A shelled, water-retaining egg that allows reptile, bird, and certain mammal embryos to develop on land |
| Endotherm | An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process |
| Down feathers | Feathers with smooth barbules but no hooked barbules |
| Contour feathers | Feathers with hooked and smooth barbules, allowing the barbules to interlock |
