| A | B |
|---|
| depression | lack of energy and motivation, feelings of dread, ECT possible treatment |
| anxiety | fears, phobias, panic |
| dependent variable | the change in which is measured in an experiment |
| ego | mediates between the id;superego and is responsible for reality testing |
| type A personality | high strung, easily angered, heart disease risk |
| absolute threshold | candle, whisper, scent, snowflake |
| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy, can be used to treat depression |
| group polarization | becoming more extreme in your views with like minded people |
| neurotransmitter release site | synaptic vesicles |
| thalamus | processes sense of sight, sound, touch and taste |
| olfactory bulb | location of smell processing |
| bipolar cells | process images from retina to brain via ganglion cells |
| Cognitive psychologists | Study perception and mental representation, schemas and processing |
| Case studies | hold a variety of information in different formats |
| Naturalistic observation | Study done of individuals or groups in their normal surroundings |
| Correlation coefficient | Gives teh strength and directions of a variable relationship |
| -1.0 or +1.0 | Strongest correlation |
| Independent variable | The thing you change or manipulate in an experiment or study hoping to find cause and effect relationship |
| Placebo | Controls for expectations |
| Afferent neurons | Send messages to your brain from senses |
| Efferent neurons | messages that cause you to react to a stimulus. E.g. pull away from a hot item |
| Dendrites | Receive messages from other cells |
| Cognitive theory of disorders | Distorted thought processes or view of reality |
| Negative reinforcement | Take away a bad/irritating/undesirable stimulus |
| Social inhibition | You perform less well when others are watching |
| Foot-in-the-door technique | Get agreement on 1 thing- then go one step further |
| Fundamental attribution error | You blame someone's actions on your belief about the causes |
| Prozac | Inhibts the reuptake of seratonin |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebellum | controls motor coordination among other things |
| Glial Cells | Trash cans as well as nourishers and insulators for cells |
| perception | organization of sensations |
| Pitch | Frequency of sound waves |
| Amplitude | Loudness |
| Gate theory | Flooded pain messages may not pass through |
| Corpus Callosum | Nerve fibers separating the brain hemispheres |
| Sympathetic nervous system | stimulation= accelerated body processes |
| Sleep cycle | 90 minute +/- duration |
| avoidance-avoidance conflict | choosing between 2 seemingly negative options |
| id | pleasure seeking |
| superego | morality seeking |
| stimulus, physical arousal, emotion | James-Lange emotion theory |
| egocentrism | preoperational child's view of the world |
| sensorimotor | Piaget's first stage |
| preoperational and concrete operational | Piaget's second and third stages |
| formal operational | Piaget's final stage- ability to think theoretically |
| Accommodation | Piaget's term for adapting to new schemas |
| Assimilation | Piaget's term for making things fit in your existing schema |
| Stanford-Binet IQ formula | Mental age divided by age |
| Harlow | wire monkeys, importance of touch |
| Erikson's stage theory | Early adulthood- intimacy |
| Fluid intelligence | ability to face new problems and information |
| Kohlberg | Moral reasoning stages |
| Bandura | Observational learning- Bobo doll |
| Unconditioned stimulus | Elicits a natural reaction (e.g. smell of meat) |
| Unconditioned response | Natural response (e.g. salivating) |
| Variable interval reinforcement | changing schedule of reinforcement |
| Fixed interval reinforcement | steady schedule of reinforcement |
| Continuous reinforcement | Best reinforcement schedule for learning a new task |
| activation-synthesis dream theory | dreams are primarily a biological activity |
| Circadian rhythm | 24 hour cycle connected to sleep patterns and the earth's rotation |
| Selye's general adaptation syndrome | alarm, resistance, exhaustion (stress response) |
| 5 factor personality theory | Neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness |
| Skinner | Behaviorist, doesn't look at internal motivations but rather what has been reinforced |
| semicircular canal | holds auditory receptors |
| frontal lobe in the cerebral cortex | center of decision making |
| delusions | nonexistent sensory imagery |
| encoding | first stage of memory formation |
| anterograde amnesia | loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia |
| Drive reduction (motivation) | state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needs (food, drink, drugs) |
| random sample | each person in the sample has an equal chance of being chosen |
| depth perception | dependent on binocular cues |
| gustatory receptors | sense sweet, bitter, salty, sour and savory |
| primacy and recency affect | easier to recall first and last things encountered |
| syntax | grammatical rules |
| phonemes | smallest unit of sound |
| morphemes | small unit of meaning |
| personality trait theorists | see personality as fairly static- not changing situationally |
| hypnosis | heightened suggestibility |
| i.q. formula | mental age/chronological age |
| episodic memory | remembering specific life events |
| flashbulb memory | remembering very vivid events |
| object permanence | Piaget's theory on how we learn things still exist even if we can't see them |
| Rorschach test | projective personality test (inkblot) |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder | Light therapy effective |
| Approach-approach conflict | choosing between two positive options |
| fetus | longest stage of prenatal development |
| authoritarian parenting | high expectations; little feedback |
| preconventional morality | behave to avoid punishment |
| neuroticism personality trait | emotional stability level |
| gender identity | your personal sense of your gender |
| Sternberg triarchic theory of intelligence | analytic, creative, practical |
| sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete-operational, formal operational | Piaget's stage theory (in order!) |
| teratogen | environmental, drug or other factor capable of interfering with the development of a fetus, causing birth defects |
| habituation | getting used to novel stimulus so that the novelty wears off |
| id; ego; superego | fulfilling basic needs/wants; reality; morals |
| securely attached child (Ainsworth) | show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves |
| repression | Freud's defensive mechanism that buries events in the unconscious |
| savant | exceptional ability in one area (e.g. art, music, etc) |
| longitudinal study | same subjects- years apart |
| cognitive dissonance theory | change our thinking to match inconsistent actions |
| humanistic psychology | belief in free will and self actualization |
| schizophrenia | dopamine increase, delusions, mental fragmentation |
| Gestalt principles | how we organize visual perceptions |
| androgyny | combination of masculine and feminine characteristics |
| middle ear bones | transfer sound from tympanic membrane to oval window |
| hypothalamus | regulate hunger |
| Anti-social personality disorders | lack of remorse, lying, cheating |
| Standardization | establishes norms against which later test takers can be referenced |
| algorithm | step by step problem solving method |
| significant difference | one that cannot be attributed to chance |
| external locus of control | things happen by chance or actions of others |
| learned helpness | result of our actions having no impact on situations in our environment |
| rational-emotive therapy | confront faulty logic (cognitive) |
| cocktail effect | hear own name, personal reference |
| metacognition | thinking about thinking |
| speech functions | left cerebral hemisphere |
| achievement tests | show what you've learned (e.g. MCA, end of course) |
| aptitude tests | show what you are capable of (e.g. SAT, iq) |
| transference | psychoanalytic treatment |
| barbiturates | decrease behavioral and mantal activity |
| MRI | produces detailed pictures of brain structures |
| Lips | greatest # of sensory neurons (just ask homunculus man!) |
| left temporal lobe | holds the primary auditory cortex |
| Chomsky | inherent language acquisition device |
| parasympathetic nervous system | brings us back to homeostasis after stress |
| conversion disorder | neurological symptoms of a psychological disorder (often trauma induced) |
| factor analysis | looks at personality and/or intelligence as a series of unique characteristics |
| contingency | response is reinforced leading to conditioning |
| fluid intelligence | ability to think abstractly, reason, identify patterns, solve problems, and discern relationships |
| crystallized intelligence | ability to use learned knowledge and experience. |
| action potential | created when neuron is stimulated to its threshold and sodium and potassium ions are released |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movements, dreams, lowered muscle tone |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | expectations cause you to rise or drop to meet them |
