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| cell cycle | the process o cellular reproduction, occurring in three phases: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis |
| interphase | the first stage of the cell cycle during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates DNA |
| mitosis | second stage of the cell cycle during which two genetically diploid daughter cells are produced |
| cytokinesis | third stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's cytoplasm divides |
| chromosome | DNA-containing structure that carries genetic material from on generation to another |
| chromatin | the relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of a cell |
| prophase | the first stage of mitosis, during which the cell's chromatin condenses into chromosomes |
| sister chromatid | the structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication |
| centromere | cell structure that joins two sister chromatids |
| spindle apparatus | structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers that is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides |
| metaphase | second stage of mitosis in which motor proteins align sister chromatids at the cell's equator |
| anaphase | third stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart and microtubules, along with motor proteins, move the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. |
| telophase | last stage of mitosis in which the nucleoli reappear. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided. |
| cyclin | one of the specific proteins that regulate the cell cycle. |
| cyclin-dependent kinase | an enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle. |
| cancer | uncontrolled growth and and division of cells that can be caused by changes in control of teh cell cycle and also may be caused by environmental factors. |
| carcinogen | cancer-causing substance |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| stem cell | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
