| A | B |
|---|
| cross sectional research | compare groups of people of various ages on similar task--can reveal the average age of certain skills and abilities. (used more frequently) |
| continuous growth | gradual process--growth happens slowly |
| Stage Growth | growth happens in leaps or spurts |
| embryonic stage | (to 8th week), organ formation; about 1.5 inches long |
| fetal stage | (2-9 months) male and female/ brain and nervous system |
| teratogens | harmful substances that cross the placenta to affect the baby |
| rooting reflex | when touched on the cheek, a baby will turn his or her head to the side where he or she felt the touch and seek to put the object into his or her mouth. |
| sucking reflex | when an object is placed into the baby's mouth, the infant will suck on it. (The combination of the rooting and sucking reflexes obviously help babies eat.) |
| grasping reflex | If an object is placed into a baby's palm or foot pad, the baby would try to grasp the objects with his or her finger or toes |
| Moro reflex | when startled a baby will fling his or her limbs out and then quickly react them, making himself or herself as small as possible |
| Babinski reflex | when a baby's foot is stroked, he or she will spread the toes |
| Jean Piaget | Brilliant observer of children- children make constant mental adaptations to new observations experiments, equilibration is a child's attempt to reach a balance between what the child encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures the child brings to the situation |
| assimilation | incorporating new ideas into existing schema |
| sensorimotor stage | Acquires understanding of object permanence. First understandings of cause-and-effect relationships. |
| accommodation | modify existing schema to fit better with new information |
| preoperational stage | symbolic thought emerges, Language development occurs ( 2-4 years). Thought and language both tend to be egocentrics. cannot solve conservation problems |
| concrete operations stage | can solve conservation problems. logical thought develops and it applied to concrete problems. Cannot solve complex verbal problems and hypothetical problems. |
| formal operations stage | logically solves all types of problems. Thinks scientifically. Solves complex verbal and hypothetical problems. Is able to thinks in abstract terms |
| attachment | If done properly, children gain a secure base from which they can explore the environment and a haven of safety to return to. |
| authoritarian parenting | strict standards for children's behavior/ punishment for violating the rules/ obey without much communication/ respects hard work and effort/ "My way"/ may distrust others and withdraw. |
| authoritative parenting | constant, reasonable standards with expectations/ encourage independence but don't break the rules/ warm and nurturing/ socially capable and do well academically |
| permissive parenting | a parenting style that allows freedom, lax parenting that doesn't set limits or enforce rules constantly |
| Erik Erikson | Came up with Psychosocial theory: crisis in each stage must be resolved to move on. challenges are present in one form or another throughout life. |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | 1960's inspired by Piaget's work created a stage theory of moral development which creates hypothetical dilemmas. |
| preconventional level | Moral reasoning is guided by external consequences. No internalization of values or rules. |
| conventional level | Moral reasoning is guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations that the person has learned and internalized |
| postconventional level | Moral reasoning is guided by internalized legal and moral principles that protect the rights of all members of society. |
| Carol Gilligan | Theorized an evolving series of reasons why we help others. |
| puberty | The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction. |
| adolescence | the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development, extending mainly over the teen years and terminatinglegally when the age of majority is reached; youth. |
| Elizabeth Kubler Ross | Came up with stages of grief |
| conservation | one of Piaget's developmental accomplishments, in which the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass. |
| Developmental Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |
| Zygote | The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. |
| Alzheimer's Disease | A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning. |
| Temperament | A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. |
| Maturation | Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
| Schema | A concept of framework that organizes and interprets information. |
| Object Permanence | The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
| Egocentrism | In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. |
| Menarche | The first menstrual period. |
| Menopause | The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
| Secure Attachment | Cries without mom, can be distracted, reunion is happy, successful relationships |
| Avoidant Attachment | Doesn't notice mom's gone, reunion is indifferent, can't commit in relationships |
| Anxious Attachment | Freaks out without mom, wants nothing to do with mom at the reunion, clingy in relationships |
| Stranger Anxiety | When an infant becomes terrified around people they don't know. |
| Temperament | Physical & Emotional characteristics of achild. |
| Imaginary Audience | When an adolescent believes that they are the center of everyone's attention. |
| Personal Fable | When an adolescent feels like their experiences and feelings are unique. |
| Crystallized Intelligence | Our gathered knowledge, increases with age. |
| Fluid Intelligence | Our ability to think quickly, decreases with age. |
