| A | B |
|---|
| Qualitative | Nonnumerical observations |
| Quantitative | Numerical measurements |
| Population | The variable is from every individual of interest. |
| Sample | The variable is from only some of the individuals of interest. |
| Sampling with replacement | Although a number is selected for the sample, it is not removed from the population. |
| Experiments | Deliberately imposing some treatment on units or subjects in order to observe a given reponse. |
| Simulation | An arithmetic imitation of a real situation. |
| Census | When measurements from the entire population are used. |
| Surveys | A way of gathering data by asking people questions. |
| Hidden bias | Not actually measuring what you hoped to measure. |
| Generalizing results | When researchers apply their findings to a situation wider than that of the actual data setting. |
| Nominal level | Data the consists of names, labels or categories. |
| Ordinal level | Data arranged in some order. |
| Interval level | Meaningful differences between data values can be computed. |
| Statistics | Study of how to collect, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data. |
| Individuals | People or objects included in a study. |
| Variable | The characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed. |
| Ratio Level | Data that can be arranged in order, are meaningful and have a true zero. |
| Descriptive Statistics | Involves methods of organizing, picturing and summarizing information from samples or populations. |
| Inferential Statistics | Involves methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population. |
| Simple random sample | A subset of a population that has all members having an equal chance of being selected. |
| Random number table | A table used to help create a simple random sample from data. |
| Stratified sampling | A sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into distinct subgroups based on specific characteristics. |
| Systematic sampling | A sampling technique in which members of the population are sequentially numbered. |
| Cluster sampling | A sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into pre-existing segments. |
| Convenience sampling | A sampling technique in which data are used from population members that are readily available. |
| Observational study | Measurements of individuals are conducted ina way that doesn't change the response or the variable being measured. |
| Placebo | When a subject receives no treatment, but believes in fact they have been. |
| Double-blind experiment | Means that neither the individual nor the observers know which subjects are receiving the treatments. |
| Control group | The group that receives the dummy treatment. |
| Randomization | Used to assign individuals to the treatment groups to help prevent bias. |
| Nonresponse | When selected respondents cannot be contacted or refuse to respond. |
| Voluntary response | Often overrepresent people with strong opinions. |
| Replication | Helps to reduce the possibility that the differences in change occurred by chance alone. |
| Lurking variables | Known or unknown variables that might be an underlying cause of change in the response of the group. |
