| A | B |
|---|
| Frederick Griffith | discovered that a heat stable chemical could transform bacteria and kill the mouse |
| Avery, MacCloud, and McCarty | demonstrated that only DNase was able to prevent the transformation of the bacteria |
| Hershey and Chase | Labeled bacteriophage and showed that only the radioactive DNA entered the cells and was used to make new virus |
| Rosalind Franklin | produced an x-ray photograph showing that DNA was a helix with uniform width |
| Watson and Crick | developed the 3D model for DNA structure |
| Chargaff | showed that the DNA bases were present in a ratio that was consistent, %A = %T and %G = %C |
| base pairing rules (complementary base pairing_ | thymine always pairs with adenine and guanine always pairs with cytosine |
| nucleotide | subunit (monomer) of DNA and RNA consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base |
| double helix | the two strands of DNA wound around each other like a twisted ladder |
| replication | DNA is copied during the cell cycle |
| DNA polymerase | bind the new nucleotides together during replication |
| central dogma | information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins |
| transcription | copying the sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA |
| uracil | base found in RNA instead of thymine, complementary to adenine |
| ribose | the sugar in RNA |
| deoxyribose | the sugar in DNA |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | intermediate message translated to form a protein |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | part of the ribosome, protein factory for the cell |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to help make the growing protein |
| translation | process that converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide (protein) |
| genetic code | all of the codons of nucleotides that code for amino acids |
| codon | three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid |
| stop codons | signal the end of the amino acid chain, do not code for an amino acid |
| start codon | signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine |
| anticodon | each tRNA contains a set of 3 nucleotides complementary to the codon on mRNA |
| gene expression | the process that produces a functional protein from a gene in DNA, includes transcription and translation |
| substitution mutation (point mutation) | a mutation in which one nucleotide replaces another |
| frameshift mutation | involves the insertion or deletion in the DNA sequence |
| somatic (body cell) mutations | can cause cancer but will not be passed on to offspring |
| germline (sex cell) mutations | can be passed on to offspring (heritable) |
| restriction enzyme | A restriction enzyme is a protein that An enzyme that "cuts" DNA when specific base pair sequences (called the restriction site) are present. |
| gel electrophoresis | A method to separate fragments of DNA based upon their size |
| DNA profiling (fingerprinting) | The process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, restriction fragment patterns, that is very likely to be different in unrelated individuals. |
| gene | The molecular unit of an organism that contains information for a specific trait (specific DNA sequence) |
| genome | An entire set of genes for an organism |
| plasmid | The circular DNA structure used by bacteria. |
| recombinant DNA | DNA to which a section has been removed and replaced (recombined) with a new sequence. |
| transformation | The process where organisms such as bacteria take up foreign DNA. |
| genetic engineering | The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material (DNA). |
| transgenic | An organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species. |
