| A | B |
|---|
| Mormons' reasons for moving | To escape religious persecution; Mormons held beliefs that made non-Mormons angry, such as believing men could marry multiple women and that property should be owned in common. |
| Reasons Mormons chose Utah | They wanted to go to a remote place where they could practice their religion freely. |
| Leader of the Mormons | Joseph Smith. He promoted moving to Utah and said he could figure out a way to provide water to the desert. |
| Mormon Trail location | Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah |
| Connect the Homesteaders to the Civil War | Many homesteaders were freed black slaves. |
| Homesteaders' struggles | winter storms, animal shelter, building houses out of sod bricks and clay |
| windlass | crank with handle for raising and lowering; used to get water |
| sodbusters | settlers who broke through sod to plant crops |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | Government promised 160 acres of land to anyone who would farm it for 5 years |
| sod houses | homes made of sod |
| Promontory Point, Utah | In 1869, the Golden Spike Ceremony marked the completion of the two railroads and the connection of east to west coast |
| Who built the Central Pacific Railroad? | Mostly Chinese immigrants, who were willing to work for low wages. They made an enormous contribution to the US. |
| Reasons the 49ers went west | They thought they could get rich quick from gold |
| 49ers risks when crossing the continent by land | poor planning (so some paid $100 for water!); dust; little grass for their oxen; poor sanitation |
| Horace Greeley's description of the gold fields | "fortune lies upon the surface of the earth as plentiful as mud in our streets" |
| impact of the Civil War on cowboys | More cowboys were needed after the Civil War because the number of cattle increased --- for example, by 16 million in Texas |
| Homesteaders vs. Cowboys conflicts | They fought over land. Cattlemen wanted it open so cattle could roam freely. Farmers wanted land protected. |
