| A | B |
|---|
| Somatic Cells | all cells except sex cells; for example: blood cells, liver cells, skin cells |
| Sex cells (gametes) | the cells other than the somatic cells that are formed through a process called meiosis |
| Meiosis | the process that forms the sex cells called gametes (ova and sperm cells) |
| Haploid cells | sex cells produced through the process of meiosis that contain half the number of chromosomes for that organism; have an n number of chromosomes |
| Diploid cells | somatic cells produced through the process of mitosis that contain the full number of chromosomes for that organism; have a 2n number of chromosomes |
| Homologous Chromosomes (homologues) | the two chromosomes that make up each pair of human somatic cells (23 pairs for a total of 46 chromosomes in humans) |
| Sex chromosomes | the pair of chromosomes that determines gender (male or female) |
| Autosomes | the pairs of chromosomes that do not include the one pair of sex chromosomes and that do not determine gender |
| Tetrad | homologous chromosomes paired together side by side during meiosis |
| Crossing over | the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| Cell cycle | the process that somatic cells go through in order to grow and reproduce |
| Interphase | the longest part of a cell cycle when the cell grows and develops, replicates its DNA, and makes proteins and RNA to prepare for cell division |
| Mitosis | the part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides |
| Metaphase | the second stage of mitosis when the chromatids line up along the midline of the nucleus |
| Anaphase | the third stage of mitosis when the centromeres divide and the sister chromatids separate |
| Telophase | the last phase of mitosis when new nuclear membranes are formed around each set of chromosomes |
| Cytokinesis | the last part of the cell cycle when the entire cell divides |
| Replicate | to make an exact copy of; for example, chromosomes replicate in the nucleus before a cell divides |
| Centromere | a structure that holds sister chromatids (pairs of replicated chromosomes) together |
| Chromatin | the threadlike material made of DNA and proteins found in chromosomes (or will condense to form chromosomes) |
| Asexual reproduction | type of reproduction when only one parent organism reproduces itself to form a genetically identical offpsring |
| Binary fission | a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a single-celled organism reproduces by itself by replicating its DNA and then dividing |
| Budding | a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a group of cells grows on a parent organism and eventually detaches to become a separate organism |
| Vegetative Propagation | a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a new plant grows from a part of the parent plant |
| Regeneration | the regrowing of a missing body part |
| Fragmentation | a type of asexual reproduction in which a small or broken piece from an organism develops into a new adult organism |
| Spore formation | a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism creates either haploid or diploid spores, either of which can grow into an adult organism under favorable conditions |
| Pathenogensis | a type of asexual reproduction sometimes seen in more complex organisms. such as certain insects, in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult |
| Spermatozoa | sperm cells (male gametes) |
| Ova | egg cells (or female gametes) |
| Spermatogenesis | the production of sperm cells |
| Oogensis | the production of ova (or eggs) |
| Polar bodies | the cells produced during oogenesis that do not form a mature egg cell |
| Sexual reproduction | type of reproduction that usually requires two parents to produce offspring that are not genetically identical to either parent |
| Fertilization | the union of a male and female gamete during sexual reprooduction |
| Pollination | in plants, the transfer of pollen from the male reproduction organ to the female reproductive organ |
| Conjugation | a primitive type of sexual reproduction in which two parent organism, usually bacteria, exchange genetic information |
| Stem Cells | undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into other types of specialized cells |
| Centrioles | cylindrically shaped cell organelles found in animal cells that aid in forming a spindle during mitosis |
| Daughter Cell | a cell formed by the division of another cell |
| Microtubules | hollow rod-like structures that form a spindle during mitosis and aid in moving sister chromatids to opposite sides of the dividing cells |
| Prophase | the first stage of mitosis when chromatin condenses and can be seen |
| Replicate | to make an exact copy of |
| Sister chromatids | the two identical copies of a chromosome that are attached by a centromere |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Cancer | a disorder of the cell cycle that results in uncontrolled cell division and the formation of malignant tumors |
| Carcinogen | any substance that is directly involved in causing cancer |
| Checkpoint | a control point in the cell cycle where stop signals can regulate the cell cycle |
| Gene | a section of DNA that gives the cell instructions for making a protein |
| Metastasis | the process of abnormal cancer cells breaking away from their home tissues and spreading to other parts of the body and forming a new mass |
| Mutation | a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene |
| Oncogene | a mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer |
| Tumor | a mass of cells that is growing out of crontrol |
| Reproduction | the production of offspring from one or two parent organisms |
| Genetic Variation | differences in the combination of genes passed from one generation to another |
| Karyotype | a type of chromosomal analysis that photographs and arranges chromosomes so that they can be visually inspected for defects |
| Cellular differentiation | process that creates different types of specialized cells |
