| A | B |
|---|
| Active | A stage of a volcano when it is erupting, or showing signs of erupting in the "near" future. |
| Aftershock | An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area. |
| Batholith | A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust. |
| Caldera | The large hole at the top of a volcano that forms when the roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses. |
| Cleavage | A mineral's ability to split easily along flat surfaces. |
| Compound | A substance in which two or more elements are chemically joined. |
| Compression | Stress that squeezes rock together until it folds or breaks. |
| Constructive Force | A force that builds up mountains and other land formations on Earth's surface. |
| Crater | A bowl shaped area that forms around a volcano's central opening. |
| Crystal | A solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again. |
| Deformation | A change in the shape or volume of a substance - like the Earth's crust. |
| Density | The amount of mass in a given space; mass per unit volume. |
| Destructive Force | A force that slowly wears away mountains and other features on the surface of Earth. |
| Dormant | A stage of a volcano that does not show signs of erupting in the "near" future, a sleeping volcano. |
| Earthquake | The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath the earths surface. |
| Element | A substance composed of a single kind of atom. |
| Epicenter | The point on Earth's surface that is directly above an earthquake's focus. |
| Extinct | A stage of a volcano that has stopped being active and is unlikely to ever erupt again. |
| Fault | A break in the Earth's crust where slabs of rock move past each other. |
| Fluorescence | The property of a mineral in which the mineral glows under ultraviolet light. |
| Focus | The point beneath the Earth's surface where rock breaks or moves under stress and causes an earthquake |
| Fracture | The way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way. |
| Geothermal Energy | Energy from water or steam that has been heated by magma under the Earth. |
| Geyser | A fountain of water or steam that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals. |
| Hot Spot Volcano | An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it. |
| Hot spring | A pool formed by groundwater that has risen to the surface after being heated by a nearby body of magma. |
| Inference | The act of reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence. |
| Inorganic | Not formed from living things or the remains of living things. |
| Island Arc | A string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep ocean trench. |
| Lava | Liquid magma that reaches the Earth's surface; also the rock formed when liquid lava hardens. |
| Luster | The way a mineral reflects light from its surface. |
| Magma | The molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases and water from the mantle. |
| Magnitude | The measurement of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. |
| Mineral | A naturally occuring inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition |
| Moh's Hardness Scale | A scale ranking ten minerals from softest to hardest; used in testing the hardness of minerals. |
| Moment Magnitude Scale | The scale used today to rate earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by the earthquake. |
| P Waves | A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground, the first wave generated by an earthquake. |
| Plate Tectonics | The theory that pieces of the Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. |
| Pressure | The amount of force pushing on a surface or area.P=F/A |
| Pyroclastic Flow | The dangerous expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption. |
| Ring of Fire | A major belt of volcanoes that rims the pacific ocean. |
| Rock | The material that forms Earth's hard surface. |
| S Waves | A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. |
| Sediment | The particles of rock and soil that are moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition. |
| Seismic Waves | A vibration that travels through the Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake. |
| Seismograph | A device that records the ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth. |
| Shearing | Stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite and parallel directions. |
| Silica | A material that is formed from silicon and oxygen which increases the viscosity of magma |
| Streak | The color of a mineral's powder obtained by rubbing the sample on a piece of unglazed tile. |
| Stress | A force that acts on rock to change its shape, volume or position. |
| Surface waves | A type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach the Earth's surface. (L Wave) |
| Tension | Stress that stretches rock by pulling it in opposite directions so that it becomes thinner in the middle. |
| Tsunamis | A large wave produced by an earthquake below the ocean. |
| Vent | The opening through which molten rock and gas leave a volcano. |
| Viscosity | a condition of being glutious or sticky, thick. |
| Viscous | Having relatively high resistance to flow, thick or sticky. |
| Volcanic Ash | A component of volcanic eruptions that consists of tiny jagged pieces of rock and glass that is spread over broad areas by wind and can turn daylight into complete darkness. |
| Volcano | A weak spot in the crust where magma comes to the surface. |
| -ate, -ic, -id, -ity, -ish, -ite, -ive | a condition of being _______ (to be _____) |
| -ous | full of |
| a- / an- | not, without |
| angul | angle, corner |
| anti | against |
| asthenes | weak |
| auto | self |
| bio | life |
| centr | point, center |
| clas(t) | break, broken, a fragment |
| con, com, syn, sym | together, with |
| de | out |
| di / bi | separate / two |
| duc | to lead |
| epi | over |
| faci | the face, appearance |
| flu | flow |
| foc | fireplace, hearth, heart of a house |
| gaea | land |
| geny | production, to make |
| geo | Earth, rock |
| graphy | writing, write |
| liqu- | fluid, liquid |
| lithos | stone |
| ology | the study of |
| pan | all |
| phobia | a fear of _________ |
| press | squeeze |
| pyro | fire |
| radia | a ray |
| satur | full, filled |
| sei | to move to and fro, shake |
| seism | shaking, earthquake |
| sphere | ball |
| strata | layer |
| sub | under, below |
| ten | stretch, hold |
| therm | heat |
| tion, sion, sis, sys | the act of |
| trans | across |
| tri | three |
| u- / un- | not, without |
| vect | carried |
| verge | to bend or turn |
| viscos | sticky |
| vulcan | fire |
