| A | B |
|---|
| What is the primary area of the motor functional area of the cerebral cortex? | area 4. |
| What are areas of the motor functional areas that control the premotor and supplementary control ? | area 6. |
| Most “voluntary” movements initiated by the cerebral cortex are achieved when the cortex activates | “patterns” of function stored in lower brain areas. |
| More than one half of the entire primary motor cortex is concerned with controlling the | muscles of the hands and the muscles of speech. |
| Excitation of a single motor cortex neuron usually excites | “pattern” of separate muscles. |
| The premotor area cause much more complex “patterns” of movement than the patterns generated in | the primary motor cortex. |
| Contractions elicited by stimulating which motor area are often bilateral rather than unilateral | supplementary motor area. |
| Broca’s area is | the “Word formation” area. |
| Damage to which area does not prevent a person from vocalizing, but it does make it impossible for the person to speak whole words | Broca’s area. |
| Damage to which area prevents a person from voluntarily moving the eyes toward different objects | “Voluntary” eye movement field |
| Motor apraxia results from damage to | the area for controlling hand skills. |
| Most of corticospinal pyramidal tract cross to the other side of the body at | the lower medulla. |
| The red nucleus is located in the | mesencephalon. |
| Rubrospinal tract, which crosses to the opposite side in the | lower brain stem. |
| The rubrospinal fibers terminate mostly on the | interneurons of the cord gray matter. |
| Dynamic pyramidal neurons | are excited at the beginning of a contraction, causing the initial rapid development of force. |
| Static pyramidal neurons | fire at a slower rate to maintain the force of contraction as long as the contraction is required. |
| The basal ganglia, reticular formation, and the vestibular nuclei are refered to as | the extrapyrimidal system. |
| The motor cortex vertical columnar neurons functions as a unit to stimulate | a group of synergistic muscles. |
| Respiration,cardiovascular, parts of GI functions and many stereotyped movements of equilibrium and of eye movements are controlled by | the brain stem. |
| The role of the pontine reticular nuclei of the brain stem in controlling motor function is to | transmit excitatory signals, receive signals from vestibular. nuclei and from nuclei of the cerebellum |
| The role of the medullary reticular nuclei of the brain stem in controlling motor function is to | transmit inhibitory signals to the same neurons as the pontine nuclei. |
| What controls antigravity muscles through the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts of the spinal cord? | the vestibular nuclei. |
| What is the vestibular apparatus? | a sensory organ for detecting sensations of equilibrium. |
| The vestibular apparatus is protected by | the bony labyrinth. |
| The membranous labyrinth- is composed of | the cochlea, three semicircular canals, the utricle and the saccule. |
| What sensory organs of the utricle and saccule detects the orientation of the head with respect to gravity? | the maculae. |
| The gelatinous layer of the maculae contain calcium carbonate crystals known as the | statoconia. |
| What bends the hair cells (cilia) in the direction of gravitational pull? | the weight of the statoconia. |
| What is reponsible for the directional sensitivity of the hair cells? | the Kinocilium. |
| Each semicircular duct has an enlargement at one end called the | ampulla. |
| Ducts and ampulla of the semicircular ducts are filled with | endolymph. |
| Rotation of the head causes the cupula to bend to the | opposite side. |
| Bending the cupula causing depolarization of the hair cells to stimulate the | vestibular nerve. |
| The ability to maintain equilibrium when the head is in a near vertical position is the function of | the utricle and saccule. |
| The utricle and saccule do not operate for the detection of | linear velocity. |
| What enables the prediction of dysequilibrium and causes the equilibrium centers to make appropriate anticipatory preventive adjustments?. | the semicircular ducts. |
| The reflexes of the vestibular nuclei and the medial longitudinal fasciculus to the oculomotor nuclei are responsible for | stabilizing the eyes to compansate for head movements. |
| Neck proprioceptors, visual Input and somatic proprioception information are all important for controlling | equilibrium. |
| Each ampulla has a structure on the top the crista ampullaris called | the cupula. |
| What plays the major roles in the timing and planning of sequential movements | the cerebellum. |
| What plans and controls complex patterns of muscle movement | the basal ganglia. |
| What is a functional unit of the cerebellar cortex | the Purkinje cell. |
| What are the three major layers of the cerebellar cortex | The molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, granule cell layer |
| Basket cells and Stellate cells are | inhibitory to the deep cerebellar nuclei. |
| What is the significance of the vestibulocerebellum? | it controls equilibrium and postural movements. |
| What is the significance of the spinocerebellum? | controls ballistic movements and prevents overshooting of movements |
| What is the significance of the cerebrocerebellum? | plan, sequence, and time complex movements. |
| Without the cerebellum the body fails to | execute a particular goal and to progress smoothly from one rapid movement to the next. |
| To cause serious and continuing dysfunction of the cerebellum, the cerebellar lesion usually must involve? | the dentate, interposed, or fastigial nuclei of the cerebellum.. |
| What is the result of absence of the cerebellum when the subconscious motor controls cause movements overshoot? | Dysmetria. |
| What is the result of absence of the cerebellum when the subconscious motor controls causes uncoordinated movements?t? | Ataxia. |
| Lesions of the spinocerebellar tracts are associatd with | dysmetria and ataxia. |
| Past pointing is a manifestation of | dysmetria. |
| No orderly “progression of movement” can occur in what condition? | dysdiadochokinesia. |
| The loss of motor control with failure of progression is assocaited with | dysdiadochokinesia. |
| What describes failure of progression that occur in talking that results in unintelligible speech? | dysarthria. |
| Intention tremor or an action tremor usullay result from | loss of cerebellum control. |
| Cerebellar flocculonodular lobes damage associated with loss of equilibrium results in | cerebellar nystagmus. |
| Loss of cerebellar facilitation of the motor cortex and brain stem motor nuclei results in | hypotonia of peripheral muscles on the side of the cerebellar lesion. |
| The basal ganglia consist of: | the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. |
| All motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the cerebral cortex and spinal cord pass through the | internal capsule. |
| The internal capsule lies between the | major masses of the basal ganglia, the caudate nucleus and the putamen. |
| What supports the function of the basal ganglia in executing motr patterns? | the Putamen circuit. |
| What circuits pass from the putamen through the external globus pallidus, the subthalamus, and the substantia nigra | the ancillary circuits. |
| What the lesions of the globus pallidus that lead to spontaneous, continuous writhing movements of a hand, an arm, the neck, or the face—movements ? | athetosis. |
| What si the lesion in the subthalamus tat leads to sudden flailing movements of an entire limb? | hemiballismus. |
| Multiple small lesions in the putamen that lead to flicking movements in the hands, face, and other parts of the body are described as | chorea. |
| Parkinson’s disease is associated with | lesions of the substantia nigra. |
| What neuronal circuit support the role of the basal ganglia in the cognitive control of sequences of motor patterns? | The caudate circuit |
| Cognition means: | the thinking processes of the brain, using both sensory input to the brain plus information already stored in memory |
| The caudate nucleus plays a major role in | the cognitive control of the motor activities. |
| What determines the ability of the basal ganglia to change the timing and to scale the intensity of movements? | how rapid and how large the movement is. |
| Dopamine pathways of the Basal Ganglial connect the substantia nigra to | the caudate nucleus and putamen |
| The Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways of the basal ganglia connects the caudate nucleus and putamen to | the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. |
| Acetylcholine pathways connects the cortex to | the caudate nucleus and putamen |
| Which neurotransmitters pathways balances out the inhibitory signals of dopamine, GABA, and serotonin? | the glutamate pathways. |
| Almost all areas of the cerebral cortex project topographically onto | the striatum of the basal ganglia. |
| The indirect pathway between basal ganglia and thalamus is mainly | inhibitory. |
| Basal Ganglia direct pathway is | excitatory. |
| GABA is | inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| Glutamate is | excitatory neurotransmitter. |
| Mossy fibers are | the majority of the cerebellar input |
| Basket cells and stellate cells inhibit | Purkinje cells. |
| What disease is characterized by diminished facial expression, festinating gait, rigidity and a “pill-rolling” tremor? | Parkinson’s disease. |
| Parkinson’s disease muscle rigidity and tremor is called | akinesia. |
| The basal ganglia and the nucleus accumbens decreased dopamine production leads to | Parkinson’s disease. |
| L-dopa is converted in the brain into | dopamine. |
| What is an autosomal dominant disease characterized clinically by progressive movement disorders and dementia, and histologically by degeneration of striatal neurons | Huntington Disease. |
| What is a Jerky, hyperkinetic, dystonic movements involving all parts of the body | chorea. |
| Huntington’s Chorea is due to | loss of most of the cell bodies of the GABA-secreting neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen. |
| A striking atrophy of the caudate nucleus have been linked to | Huntington disease. |
| Friedreich Ataxia is | a spinocerebellar autosomal recessive progressive illness |
| Ataxia-Telangiectasia isautosomal recessive disorder that leads to | loss of Purkinje, granule cells and the dorsal columns. |
| What drives the motivational systems of the brain | the limbic system. |
| With the exception of granule cells, all of the cerebellar interneurons are | inhibitory. |
| Basket cells and stellate cells inhibit | Purkinje cells. |
| Golgi II cells inhibit | granule cells. |
| Purkinje cells is always inhibitory because of | GABA release. |
| The overall output of the indirect pathway is | inhibitory. |
| The basal ganglia inhibitory neurotransmitter is | GABA |
| the basal ganglia excitatory neurotransmitter is is | glutamate |
| Basal Ganglia Direct pathway is | excitatory |
| The basal ganglia to the thalamus indirect path is | inhibitory. |
| The basal ganglia to the thalamus direct path is | excitatory. |
| Almost all areas of the cerebral cortex project topographically onto the | striatum of the basal ganglia. |
| The basal ganglia of the telencephalon are the | caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and amygdala |
| The basal ganglia influence the motor cortex via pathways through the thalamus to aid in | planning and execution of smooth movements. |
| The striatum communicates with the thalamus and then back to the cortex via | direct and indrect pathways |
| The vestibulocerebellum | controls balance and eye movements |
