| A | B |
|---|
| What are the Granular (stellate) neurons? | interneurons of the sensory areas of the cortex Found in association areas between sensory and motor areas |
| How neurotransmitters affect the granular cortical neurons? | Excitatory with glutamate Inhibitory with GABA |
| What are Fusiform and Pyramidal neurons? | they give rise to the output fibers of the cortex pyramidal nerve fibers |
| How many layers make the cerebral cortex? | six layers. |
| Most incoming specific sensory signals from the body terminate in cortical layer ___ | IV. |
| Most of the output signals leave the cortex through neurons located in layers ___ | V&VI. |
| The fibers from the cortex to the thalamus arise in layer__ | VI. |
| most of the intracortical association functions are peformed by layers | I, II, and III. |
| The secondary motor areas provide the | “patterns” of motor activity. |
| Which cortical area interpret the shape or texture of an object in one’s hand | the secondary motor areas. |
| Wernicke’s area is part of the | parieto-occipitotemporal association area |
| The angular gyrus area is part of the | parieto-occipitotemporal association area |
| Which cortical areas store on a short-term basis the “working memories”? | the pre-frontal association area. |
| Which cortical areas enables language comprehension? | Wernicke’s area. |
| Which cortical areas enables reading? | the angular gyrus area. |
| Which cortical areas enables word formation | the Broca’s area. |
| Which cortical areas is responsible for behavior, emotions, and motivation? | the limbic association area. |
| Prosophenosia is the | inability to recognize faces. |
| Which brain areas damage results in decreased aggressiveness, inappropriate social behavior, inability to progress toward goals and engage “working memory”? | the prefrontal association areas. |
| Wernicke’s area is highly developed in the | dominant side of the brain. |
| Activation of Wernicke’s area can call | complicated memory patterns. |
| Damage to the Angular Gyrus leads to | seing words and know that they are words but not be able to interpret their meanings. |
| Damage to the Angular Gyrus leads to | dyslexia, or word blindness. |
| In about 95% of people which is the dominant hemisphere? | the left hemisphere. |
| The motor areas for controlling hands are located in the | the dominant hemisphere. |
| Which is the significance of the corpus callosum? | allows communication between the two hemispheres |
| Damage to the Wernicke’s area in the nondominant hemisphere affects? | interpreting music, nonverbal visual experiences, intonations of people’s voices, and somatic experiences related to use of the limbs and hands. |
| Which brian area if damaged the ability to solve complex problems will be lost? | the prefrontal areas. |
| Cutting the Corpus Callosum results in | preventing the transfer of somatic and visual info from the right to left hemisphere. |
| Wernicke’s Aphasia is | understanding either the spoken word or the written word but are unable to interpret the thought that is expressed. |
| Global aphasia is | losing languag understanding or communication. |
| What causes motor aphasia? | loss of Broca’ area. |
| What is declarative memory? | memory of the various details of integrated thought. |
| What is skill memory? | memory of motor activities based on previous learning. |
| Memories are stored by creating | memory traces. |
| Habituation is a type of | negative memory. |
| This is positive memory is the brain enhancing and storing the memory traces as results from facilitation of | the synaptic pathways and memory sensitization. |
| Intermediate long-term memories last for | days to weeks but then fade away. |
| “Working memory,” is | is terminated as each stage of the problem is resolved. |
| “Working memory,” is | short-term memory. |
| Which neurotransmitter supports memory Facilitation? | serotonin. |
| For short-term memory to be converted into long-term memory it must become | “consolidated” memory. |
| For short-term memory to be converted into long-term memory requires ___ | 5 to 10 minutes for minimal consolidation and 1 hour or more for strong consolidation. |
| Hippocampus promotes | storage of memories. |
| Hippocampal Lesions leads to | anterograde Amnesia. |
| Retrograde Amnesia is the | inability to recall memories from the past. |
| What is dementia? | A disorder of cognition, interferes with daily functioning and results in loss of independence. |
| Apathy, loss of initiative, depression, anxiety, irritability, paranoia, delusional thinking, and hallucinations are all | neuropsychiatric symptoms. |
| The most common dementia is | Alzheimer's disease. |
| Dementia is diagnosed based on evidence of | cognitive dysfunction. |
| Alzheimer's disease is | Dementing illness in which anterograde amnesia is a dominant symptom. |
| Between 60 and 80% of all dementing illness is due to | Alzheimer's disease. |
| The histopathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on the presence of | neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. |
| The most consistent neurotransmitter deficit in Alzheimer's disease is in | cholinergic neurotransmission. |
| Early Alzheimer's disease manifests: | anterograde amnesia with impairment in short-term memory. |
| Dementia with formation of Lewy bodies, visual hallucinations, and sleep disorder indicates | Parkinsonism |
| Dementia with prominent behavioral, personality changes, prominent motor and language difficulties indicates | Frontotemporal lobar degeneration |
| What is vascular dementia? | It is a dementing illness cause by cerebral infarction. |
| The diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies is similar to diagnosis of | of both dementia and Parkinson's disease. |
| the syndrome of behavior-variant frontotemporal dementia is | The most common neurodegenerative disorder the caused by prefrontal and anterior temporal neocortices. |
