| A | B |
|---|
| What are the two types of sleep? | Slow wave sleep-and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
| decreased vascular tone and other vegetative functions of the body occur during which type sleep? | slow wave sleep. |
| Consolidation of dreams does not occur during which type of sleep? | slow wave sleep. |
| REM sleep is | associated with dreaming and active bodily muscle movements |
| Person is more difficult to arouse from | REM sleep. |
| Transecting the brain stem at the midpons creates a brain whose cortex | never goes to sleep. |
| The stimulation of raphe nuclei in the lower half of the pons and in the medulla stimulate the secretion of | serotonin. |
| Thee release of what neurohumoral substance can cause sleep? | serotonin. |
| The EGG of an alert person is characterized by | high-frequency beta waves. |
| The EGG in the stage of very light sleep shows | “sleep spindles,” bursts of alpha waves. |
| EGG in Stage 4 REM sleep record | delta waves. |
| Desynchronized sleep is | REM sleep. |
| A seizure is defined as: | transient focal or generalized signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. |
| Focal seizures originate within neuronal networks in | one cerebral hemisphere: |
| Acute symptomatic seizures are | provoked seizures. |
| Acute symptomatic seizures | do not require long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs. |
| What establishes the diagnosis of epilepsy? | the occurrence of two or more seizures. |
| The risk of developing epilepsy is increased more than 500-fold by a history of | a military head injury. |
| The risk of developing epilepsy is increased more than 30-fold by a history of | severe civilian head injury. |
| Tonic-clonic seizures occurs during | Grand mal epilepsy. |
| What initiates a grand mal attack? | increase the excitability of the abnormal “epileptogenic” circuitry |
| What stops the grand mal attack? | Neuronal fatigue and the action of the inhibitory neurons. |
| What causes 3 to 30 seconds of diminished consciousness with twitch-like contractions of muscles in the head, and blinking of the eyes? | Petit mal epilepsy. |
| the absence syndrome or absence epilepsy is | Petit mal epilepsy. |
| Scar tissue in the brain may lead to | focal epiliepsy. |
| Progressive “march” of muscle contractions throughout the opposite side of the body indicates: | Jacksonian epilepsy. |
| Jacksonian epilepsy is | focal epiliepsy. |
| Short amnesia,abnormal rage, sudden anxiety, or fear; and/or a moment of incoherent speech indicates | psychomotor seizure. |
| Status Epilepticus is | seizures without resumption of consciousness for 30 minutes. |
| Status Epilepticus is | a medical emergency. |
| How long before tonic-clonic seizures leads to muscle breakdown and neuronal damage? | 5 minutes. |
| Magnetoencephalography measures the | small magnetic fields induced bybrain electrical activity and approximates their location using mathematical models. |
| The Magnetoencephalography can before surgery | localize abnormal spiking waves originating in areas of organic brain disease |
| Loss of GABA and acetylcholine-secreting neurons is associated with abnormal motor patterns and dementia indicates: | Huntington’s disease. |
| Delirium and dementia are | cognitive disorders with impairment in intellectual functions. |
| Depression due to hypothyroidism is considered | a secondary psychiatric disorder. |
| Major depressive syndrome is diagnosed based on | prominent symptoms/Signs most of the day and nearly every day for a minimum of 2 consecutive weeks. |
| Depression occurs in about ________ people in the United States | 8 million |
| Depression might be caused by | diminished activity of norepinephrine- and serotonin-secreting neurons. |
| Bipolar disorder is characterized by | depression with recurrent episodes of idiopathic mania. |
| Bipolar disorder is | manic-depressive psychosis. |
| anxiety disorders lack the __________ seen in other or psychotic disorders | cognitive deficits, depressive or manic symptoms, |
| Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by | severely traumatic event. |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder may be due to | altered striatofrontal systems and role of the serotonergic systems. |
| Agoraphobia is | anxiety about or avoidance of places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing. |
| Suicide attempts and verbal threats should always be | evaluated carefully and never dismissed as “gestures” or “attention-seeking” behavior. |
| Schizophrenia may be due to | possible exaggerated function of part of the dopamine system. |
| Schizophrenia most common type is seen in the person who | hears voices and has delusions of grandeur, intense fear, or other types of feelings that are unreal. |
| excessive excitement of a group of neurons that secrete dopamine in the behavioral centers of the brain, including in the frontal lobes is one mechanism beleived to cause | Schizophrenia |
| mesolimbic dopaminergic system is | the dopamine-secreting neurons in the ventral tegmentum of the mesencephalon, medial and superior to the substantia nigra. |
| What plays an important role in causing dreaming, and rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep)? | the locus ceruleus. |
| Destruction of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is the basic cause of | Parkinson’s disease. |
| The raphe nuclei controls | the serotonin system. |
| The raphe nuclei secrets | serotonin. |
| The serotonin released in the diencephalon and cerebrum help cause | normal sleep. |
| The gigantocellular neurons secret | acetylcholine. |
| Activation of the gigantocellular neurons acetylcholine neurons release leads to | an acutely awake and excited nervous system. |
| The limbic system neuronal circuitry controls | emotionalbehavior and motivational drives. |
| The hypothalamic infundibulum control the secretions of the the | anterior and posterior pituitary. |
| The hippocampus is responsible for | critical decision-making neuronal mechanism. |
| What causes translation of short-term memory into long-term? | the hippocampus. |
| Consolidation of long-term memories of the verbal or symbolic thinking takes place in the | hippocampus. |
| The basolateral nuclei of the amygdala play important roles in | behavioral activities. |
| Stimulation of other amygdaloid nuclei can give reactions of | reward and pleasure. |
| Stimulation the amygdaloid nuclei can cause | of rage, escape, punishment, severe pain, and fear. |
| Amygdala stimulation can cause | involuntary movements. |
| Bilateral ablation of the Amygdala causes | Klüver-Bucy Syndrome. |
| Ablation of the anterior temporal cortex also damages the | the amygdalas. |
| Ablation of the posterior orbital frontal cortex causes | insomnia associated with intense motor restlessness. |
| Ablation of the anterior cingulate gyri and subcallosal gyri causes | release of the rage centers from the prefrontal inhibitory influence. |
| The anterior temporal cortex controls | the gustatory and olfactory behavioral associations |
| In the middle and posterior cingulate cortex coordinates | sensorimotor behavioral associations. |
