| A | B |
|---|
| Clone | produced by asexual reproduction and is genetically identical to its parent |
| Gene Expression | the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins |
| Promoter | sequence where RNA polymerase binds |
| Operator | is where a repressor can bind and block RNA polymerase action |
| Operon | a group of genes under coordinated control in bacteria |
| Repressor | a protein that blocks the transcription of a gene or operon |
| Regulatory Gene | codes for a repressor protein |
| Activators | enhance RNA polymerase binding to the promoter |
| Differentiation | involves cell specialization, in both structure and function |
| Histones | a small protein molecule associated with DNA and important in DNA packing in the eukaryotic chromosome |
| Nucleosome | are formed when DNA is wrapped around histone proteins |
| X Chromosome Inactivation | In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is highly compacted and transcriptionally inactive |
| Barr Body | Inactivated X chromosome |
| Transcription Factors | promote RNA polymerase binding to the promoter |
| Enhancers | a eukaryotic DNA sequence that helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it. |
| Silencers | are repressors that inhibit transcription |
| Alternative RNA Splicing | Production of different mRNAs from the same transcript |
| RNA Interference (RNAi) | Prevents expression of a gene by interfering with translation of its RNA product |
| Homeotic Gene | are master control genes that determine the anatomy of the body, specifying structures that will develop in each segment |
| DNA Microarray | Contains DNA sequences arranged on a grid |
| Signal Transduction Pathway | is a series of molecular changes that converts a signal at the cell’s surface to a response within the cell |
| Regeneration | Remaining cells divide to form replacement structures |
| Nuclear Transplantation | Replacing the nucleus of an egg cell or zygote with a nucleus from an adult somatic cell |
| Reproductive Cloning | Implant embryo in surrogate mother for development...new animal is genetically identical to nuclear donor |
| Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells | A cell in the early animal embryo that differentiates during development to give rise to all the different kinds of specialized cells in the body. |
| Therapeutic Cloning | can produce stem cells with great medical potential |
| Adult Stem Cells | can give rise to many but not all types of cells |
| Oncogene | a cancer-causing gene; usually contributes to malignancy by abnormally enhancing the amount or activity of a growth factor made by the cell |
| Proto-oncogene | normally promote cell division |
| Tumor-suppressor Genes | Normally inhibit cell division |
| Carcinogens | are cancer-causing agents that damage DNA and promote cell division |
