| A | B |
|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience |
| classical conditioning | type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response |
| stimulus | anything in the environment that one can respond to |
| response | any behavior or action |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically. |
| unconditidioned response (UCR) | Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | Response to the conditioned stimulus |
| extinction | diminishing of a learned response |
| spontaneous recovery | return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period |
| Ivan Pavlov | learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning |
| generalization | producing the same response to two similar stimuli |
| behaviorism | view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. |
| John Watson | Founder of behaviorism, the theory that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. |
| Little Albert | used in famous demonstration of establishing fear through the use of a loud noise and a rat |
| operant conditioning | type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior. |
| B.F. Skinner | developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world. Invented a special contraption named a Skinner box, used to research animal learning. |
| Skinner box | Delivers food to an animal by a lever to press or disk to peck in order to get food. The food is the reinforce, and the process of giving the food is called reinforcement |
| reinforcement | any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior |
| punishment | any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior. |
| positive reinforcement | in operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it wish a desirable event or state. |
| negative reinforcement | in operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state. |
| Cognitive map | mental representative of a place |
| Positive reinforcement | refers to t he addition of something pleasant, make a behavior more likely to occur |
| Observational learning (modeling) | learning by observing others, this type of learning is said to be species-specific; it only occurs between members of the same species |
| Token economy | every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a token. Periodically, they are allowed to trade their tokens for any one of a variety of reinforcers. |
| Albert Bandura | Major figure in the study of observational learning and several other important topics. |
| Antisocial behavior | negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior |
| Prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. |
