| A | B |
|---|
| agroforestry | when trees and crops are planted together creating a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between them |
| aquaculture | the raising of fish and other aquatic species in captivity for harvest |
| bottom trawling | a fishing technique in which the ocean floor is literally scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path |
| by-catch | any other species of fish mammals or birds that are caught that are not the target organism |
| capture fisheries | fish production in which fish are caught in the wild and not raised in captivity for consumption |
| clear-cutting | the removal of all of the trees in an area |
| conservation | the management or regulation of a resource so that its use does not exceed the capacity of the resource to regenerate itself |
| consumption | the day-to-day use of environmental resources such as food clothing and housing |
| contour plowing | a process in which rows of crops are plowed across the hillside this prevents the erosion that can occur when rows are cut up and down on a slope |
| deforestation | the removal of trees for agricultural purposes or purposes of exportation |
| driftnets | nets that drift free in the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path |
| ecosystem capital | the value of natural resources. |
| fishery | the industry or occupation devoted to the catching processing or selling of fish shellfish or other aquatic animals |
| greenbelt | open or forested areas built at the outer edge of a city |
| ground fires | smoldering fires that take place in bogs or swamps and can burn underground for days or weeks that originate from surface fires they are difficult to detect and extinguish |
| intercropping/strip cropping | is the practice of planting bands of different crops across a hillside |
| long lining | the use of long lines that have baited hooks and will be taken by numerous aquatic organisms in fishing |
| malnutrition | poor nutrition that results from an insufficient or poorly balanced diet |
| mineral deposit | an area where a particular mineral is concentrated |
| mining | the excavation of the earth for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals |
| monoculture | when just one type of plant is planted in a large area |
| natural resources | biotic and abiotic found in natural ecosystems |
| nonrenewable resources | resources that are often formed by very slow geologic processes so we consider them incapable of being regenerated within the realm of human existence |
| no-till methods | refers to when farmers plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil |
| old growth forest | one that has never been cut these forests have not been seriously disturbed for several hundred years |
| overgrazed | when grass is consumed by animals at a faster rate than it can regrow |
| preservation | the maintenance of a species or ecosystem in order to ensure its perpetuation with no concern as to their potential monetary value |
| production | the use of environmental resources for profit |
| renewable resources | refers to resources which can be regenerated if harvested at sustainable yields |
| second growth forests | areas where cutting has occurred and a new younger forest has arisen |
| selective cutting | the removal of select trees in an area this leaves the majority of the habitat in place and has less of an impact on the ecosystem |
| shelter-wood cutting | when mature trees are cut over a period of time (usually 10–20 years) this leaves mature trees |
| Silviculture | the management of forest plantations for the purpose of harvesting timber |
| slash and burn | when an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops |
| traditional subsistence agriculture | when each family in a community grows crops for themselves and relies on animal and human labor to plant and harvest crops |
| terracing | creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface which reduces soil runoff from the slope |
| tree farms | these are planted and managed tracts of trees of the same age that are harvested for commercial use |
| uneven-aged management | the broad category under which selective cutting and shelter-wood cutting fall or selective deforestation. |
| resource | available supply that can be drawn on as needed |
| Tragedy of the Commons | depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free and unmanaged access |
| Dust Bowl | droughts in the Great Plains along with farming practices caused great erosion in 1930s |
| Green Revolution | the time after the Industrial Revolution when farming became mechanized and crop yields in industrialized nations boomed |
| FIFRA | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act was passed in 1947, amended in 1972. Requires the EPA to approve the use of all pesticides in the US |
| salinization | repeated irrigation can cause significant buildup of salts on the soil's surface that makes land unusable for crops |
| integrated pest management | more environmentally sensitive approach than chemical pesticides |
| genetically modified organism | organism whose genetic makeup has been altered by genetic engineering |
| photosynthate | causes plants to divert more of their photosynthetic products to becoming grain biomass rather than plant body mass |
| plantation farming | type of industrialized agriculture in which a monoculture cash crop is grown and then exported to developed nations |
| crop rotation | cycle different crops in an area |
| surface fire | typically burn only the forests' underbrush and do little to damage mature trees |
| crown fire | may start on ground or canopies of forests and spread quickly. Characterized by high temperatures because they consume the underbrush and dead materials. Huge threat to wildlife, human life, and property. |
| fish farming | aquaculture |
| cnidarians | small marine animals that create coral reefs |
| zooxanthellae | photosynthetic algae |
| coral bleaching | higher than usual water temperatures cause the death of the zooxanthellae and then causes death of coral reef |
| ore | rock or mineral from which a valuable substance can be extracted at a profit |
| metallic minerals | mined for metals |
| nonmetallic minerals | used in their natural state, nothing is extracted from them |
| gangue | waste material created by mining |
| tailings | piles of gangue |
| strip mining | involves stripping the surface layer of rock and soil |
| overburden | layer of soil or rock overlying a mineral deposit |
| mountaintop removal | type of surface mining that uses explosives, massive power shovels, and large machines to remove the top of a mountain and expose seams of coal |
| shaft mining | vertical tunnels are built to access and evacuate minerals that are underground |
| restoration | attempt to repair mined area to original state |
| controlled burns | small fires started when conditions are just right to help prevent major fires in future |
