| A | B |
|---|
| Puritans | New England, seeking for religious freedom |
| Artisans | Middle Atlantic, craftsmen |
| Entrepreneurs | Middle Atlantic, businessmen |
| Burgesses | Elected representatives to the Virginia House of Burgesses |
| Cavaliers | English nobility who received large land grants from the King of England |
| Indentured Servants | Poor English, Scottish, Irish people who agreed to work on plantations for a period of time in return for payment of passage or relief of debts |
| Africans | Forced by the Middle Passage to the Southern Colonies to work on tobacco plantations |
| Quakers | Settled Pennsylvania, religious toleration |
| Huguenots and Jews | Settled New York, religious toleration |
| Presbyterians | Settled New Jersey, religious toleration |
| Planters | Dominated social, economic, and political structure in Southern Colonies |
| Women | The 19th amendment extended the franchise to include this group |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Along with Susan B. Anthony associated with the women's suffrage movement and Seneca Falls Declaration |
| John Locke | Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas about natural rights influenced American belief in self government |
| Thomas Paine | Wrote Common Sense, helped to increase popular sentiment favoring independence from King of England |
| Thomas Jefferson | Wrote Declaration of Independence, Patriot, and later leader of "opposition" party Democratic Republicans |
| Benjamin Franklin | Diplomat who negotiated Treaty of Alliance with France during American Revolution |
| George Washington | Leadership as Commander of Continental Army helped to win the American Revolution |
| Anglicans | Members of the Church of England, largely found in the Southern Colonies |
| Minutemen | Colonial militia who first engaged the British Redcoats at Lexington and Concord |
| Patrick Henry | Patriot who exclaimed "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!" |
| Loyalists/ Tories | Believed taxation of colonies was justified to pay for British troops to protect colonists from Indian attacks |
| Neutrals | Colonists who tried to stay uninvolved in the American Revolution |
| George Mason | Author of Virginia Declaration of Rights |
| Thomas Jefferson | Author of Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom |
| James Madison | Father of the Constitution, |
| James Madison | Author of the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention, took the best notes |
| James Madison | Author of the Bill of Rights |
| Federalists | Advocated support for ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
| Antifederalists | Opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution, agreed after addition of Bill of Rights |
| Patrick Henry and George Mason | Virginia opponents of ratification of U.S. Constitution |
| James Madison and George Washington | Virginia proponents of ratification of U.S. Constitution |
| John Marshall | Federalist Chief Justice who contributed to growth of importance Supreme Court |
| John Jay | Federalist who negotiated treaty with Britain, opposed by Democratic Republicans |
| Federalists | Political party led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, believed in strong national government |
| Democratic Republicans | Political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, opposed Jay Treaty, Quasi War with France, and National Bank |
| Thomas Jefferson | Purchased Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 |
| Lewis and Clark | Led expedition west of Mississippi River to explore Louisiana Territory |
| Sacajawea | Served as guide and translator for Lewis and Clark Expedition |
| Eli Whitney | Invented cotton gin, led to increase demand for slaves in deep south |
| Thomas Jefferson | His election in 1800 led to a peaceful transfer of power between parties |
| Texans | Waged an independence revolution against Mexico, most famous battle was The Alamo |
| Cherokee Indians | Removed from their homeland during the Trail of Tears to Oklahoma |
| James Madison | President during the War of 1812 against the British |
| James Monroe | Issued policy telling Europe to stay out of western hemisphere, America was about republics |
| Andrew Jackson | Leader during the age of the common man, associated with the spoils system |
| Andrew Jackson | Threatened the use of federal troops to end the nullification crisis over federal tariff in S.C. |
| Andrew Jackson | Leader of Democratic Party during the first half of the 19th century |
| Whigs | Political party that was formed to oppose the Democratic Party during the first half of the 19th century |
| Know Nothings | Third Party, sectional party, that opposed the Democrats during the first half of 19th century |
| Republicans | Party formed after Kansas Nebraska to oppose expansion of slavery |
| Nat Turner/ Gabriel Prosser | Associated with leading slave revolts in Virginia |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Abolitionist who published The Liberator |
| Dred Scott | Slave who sued for freedom, Supreme Court ruled against him |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Author of Uncle Toms Cabin, exposed realities of slavery |
| Abraham Lincoln | Republican President whose election trigger secession crisis in 1860 |
| James Buchanan | Last of "ineffective presidents" prior to Civil War |
| Abraham Lincoln | U.S. President during Civil War |
| Jefferson Davis | Former Senator, Confederate President during Civil War |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union military commander |
| Ulysses S. Grant | President during most of Reconstruction, advocated fro rights of freedmen |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederate General, leader of Army of Northern Virginia |
| Frederick Douglass | Former slave, prominent abolitionist who urged Lincoln to allow African Americans to serve in army |
| Radical Republicans | Supported military occupation of the South after Civil War, this was to encourage reform |
| Homesteaders | Took advantage of free land in west by Homestead Act |
| Robert E. Lee | President of Washington College after Civil War, emphasized education and progress |
| Frederick Douglass | Ambassador of Haiti after Civil War |
| Democrats | Took back the South as a result of the Compromise of 1877 |
| New Immigrants | Came through Ellis Island from sources in southern and eastern Europe |
| Chinese | Group that was excluded by anti immigration laws at turn of 20th century |
| Chinese | Labor who built the Transcontinental Railroad |
| Andrew Carnegie | Industrial leader, steel |
| J.P. Morgan | Industrial leader, finance |
| John D. Rockefeller | Industrial leader, oil |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | Industrial leader, railroads |
| Henry Bessemer | Invented process to turn molten iron to steel |
| Thomas Edison | Invented light bulb, electricity as source of power and light |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Invented telephone |
| Wright Brother | First in flight, airplanes |
| Henry Ford | Perfected assembly line processing |
| Cowboys | Associated with the long drive to markets |
| Cyrus McCormick | Developed the mechanical wheat harvester, helped to develop prairie |
| African Americans | Associated with the movement to jobs in the industrial north during Great Migration |
| Progressive | 3rd party reform movement, response to Gilded Age |
| Ida B. Wells | Led an anti lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action |
| Booker T. Washington | Believed the way to equality was through vocation education and economic success |
| W.E.B. DuBois | Believed education was meaningless without equality, founded NAACP |
| Samuel Gompers | Leader of American Federation of Labor |
| Eugene Debs | Leader of American Railway Union |
| John Hay | Proposed the Open Door Policy in China |
| William Howard Taft | Urged American banks to invest in Latin America, Dollar Diplomacy |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Associated with U.S. role in building the Panama Canal |
| Muckrakers | Journalists who exposed abuses of the Gilded Age, such as child labor |
| Woodrow Wilson | President during WWI, "make the world safe for democracy" |
| Woodrow Wilson | Plan to eliminate the causes of war was Fourteen Point, included League of Nations |
| Woodrow Wilson | Progressive reform plan called New Freedom |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Progressive reform plan called Square Deal |
| KKK | Experienced a resurgence during 1920s, opposed to open immigration |
| John Scopes | Sued for teaching about Darwin's theory of evolution during the 1920s |
| Flappers | 1920s "New Woman", new rights like suffrage |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Plan for problems of Great Depression called New Deal |
| Adolf Hitler | Triggered WWII with invasion of Poland 1939 |
| Joseph Stalin | Had pact with Germany, but later joined Allies in WWII |
| Hawaii's Queen | Deposed from power prior to U.S. annexation of territory |
| Robber Barons | 20th century Gilded Age industrialists who lived lavish lifestyles compared to the working class |
| Columbians | Group that Teddy Roosevelt helped Panama win independence from in order to get canal zone |
| Farmers | Lost mortgaged homes to foreclosure during the Great Depression |
| Farmers | Group most supported for long term recovery by the New Deal AAA |
| Workers | Social Security provided safety net for this group |
| Nisei | Asian Americans WWII |
| Tuskegee Airmen | African Americans WWII |
| Rosie the Riveter | Women in industries WWII, noncombat |
| Prisoners of War (POW) | Subject of treatment in Geneva Convention |
| Jews | Victims of the Final Solution |
| Mexican Americans | Served in nonsegregated units in WWII |
| Japanese Americans | Moved from west coast to internment camps in WWII |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | Supreme Allied Commander of forces on DDay, later Cold War president |
| John F. Kennedy | Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald during the Cold War, 1963 |
| Richard Nixon | Proposed Vietnamization to bring America out of Vietnam, failed |
| Harry Truman | President who proposed containment of communism during Cold War |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | President who proposed massive retaliation to contain communism |
| John F. Kennedy | President during the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | Escalated the Vietnam War |
| Andrew Johnson | Impeached by Radical Republicans during Reconstruction |
| John F. Kennedy | Introduced military advisers to Vietnam |
| Joseph McCarthy | Senator who made false accusations of officials resulting in Cold War fears of communism |
| Alger Hiss | Accused of spying for Soviets during Cold War |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | Accused of spying for Soviets during Cold War, executed |
| Ronald Reagan | Associated with putting pressure on Soviet Union to end Cold War |
| Martin Luther King | March on Washington, I Have a Dream speech |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| Oliver Hill | Attorney representing the Virginia case part of Brown v. Board of Education |
| Thurgood Marshall | Lead NAACP attorney in the Brown v. Board of Education case |
| George W. Bush | President at time of terrorists attacks on 9/11, war in Afghanistan and Iraq |
| William J. Clinton | Associated with NATO action in Yugoslavia in 1990s |
| William J. Clinton | Lifted economic sanctions against South Africa when her government ended the policy of apartheid |
| William J. Clinton | Opened full diplomatic relations with Vietnam |
| William J. Clinton | Signed the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
| George H. W. Bush | President during Persian Gulf War 1990- 1991, Operation Desert Storm |
| George H. W. Bush | President during the fall of communism in early 1990s, witnessed the reunification of Germany |
| George H. W. Bush | President during the collapse of Yugoslavia |
| Ronald Reagan | Conservative, advocated tax cuts (but strong military), and judges that practiced judicial restraint |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader associated with glasnost and perestroika |
| Ronald Reagan | Supported reduction of the number and scope of government programs during the 1980s |
| John F. Kennedy | Pledge increased support for NASA |
| Sally Ride | First female in space |
| John Glenn | First American to orbit Earth |
| Neil Armstrong | First person to step onto the moon's surface |
| Asia and Latin America | Contemporary, most recent immigration sources |
| William J. Clinton | Centrist Democrat following the Reagan Revolution |
| Sandra Day O'Connor | First woman named Supreme Court justice, practiced "judicial restraint" (1980s) |
| Ruth Bader Ginsburg | First Jewish woman named Supreme Court justice (1990s) |
| Clarence Thomas | Second African American (after Thurgood Marshall) to serve on Supreme Court |
| Nazi leaders | Group convicted in Nuremberg trials |
| Prisoners of War (POWs) | American and Filipino victims of the Bataan Death March |
