| A | B |
|---|
| Flapper | The name for a style adopted by many women during the 1920s. Times were changing: Women could vote, Sigmund Freud was developing new ideas about sexuality, and many people were moving to big cities. |
| The Lost Generation | A term that refers to a group of American novelists such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway and poets such as Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound |
| Henry Ford | (1863-1947) The founder of the Ford Motor Company, and his Model T car was the first to be widely used in the United States |
| Dust Bowl | During the Great Depression, a sustained drought afflicted the Great Plains. farmers is the Midwest had plowed the land without thought of erosion. |
| Assembly Line production | This became widely used in U.S. factories in the early twentieth century, reaching its height in Henry Ford's highly efficient car manufacturing plants. |
| Welfare capitalism | refers to efforts by bussinesses to undercut the power of organized labor by fostering company spirit and offering relatively generous benefits. |
| Southern christian leadership conference | A civil rights organization founded after the Montgomery Bus Boycott and initially led by Martin Luther King jr. |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | (1955) triggered the arrest of Rosa PArks, who refused to give up her seat to a white man. |
| Robert Kennedy | (1925-1968) The younger brother of John F. Kennedy, under whom he served as attorney general. |
| Boom-and-bust cycles | inherit to a market economy; the term refers to periods of strong economic growth followed by panics and depressions. |
| Market economy | people trade their labor or goods for cash. Then they use that cash to buy other people's labor or goods. |
| Federal budget deficit | the amount the government borrows to pay for its programs. |
| The Luistania | n 1915, the ocean was sunk by German Submarines, killing 1,200 passengers. |
| Nativism | hatred and fear of foreigners. |
| Scopes Monkey Trial | Drew national attention in 1925, because it featured prominent attorneys Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan battling over the theory of evolution. |
| Freedom Summer | (1964) was a campaign to register as many black voters as possible in Mississippi, a state with notoriously harsh jim Crow laws. |
| Thirteenth Amendment | Prohibits slavery in the United States. |
| Jackie Robinson | (1919-1972) stepped onto the field as a Brooklyn Dodger in 1947, he became the first African American to play in Major League baseball. |
| Scalawags and Carpetbaggers | Southern opponents of Reconstruction called Northerners who ran the programs carpetbaggers (implyinh that the suitcases they carried were stuffed with stolen money from the South) and called cooperating Southerners scalawags. |
| Greensboro | In 1960, a group of African-American college students in Greensboro organized a sit-in a a whites-only lunch counter in a department store. |
| Reconstruction | Lasted from 1865 to 1877, from the end of the Civil War until the Union Army's withdrawal from the South |
| Military reconstruction Act of 1867 | In 1866, the North elected a relatively radical congress that soon passed the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. |
| Martial Law | Occurs when the military takes control of an area for a designated amount of time, superseding civilian authority in that area. |
| 40 acres and a mule | As union general William Sherman advanced south during the Civil War, he issued an porder granting freed slaves 40 acres of land. |
| President's committee on civil rights | Established by Harry Truman in 1946 as part of his progressive civil rights agenda. |
| Equal employment opportunity commission | established in 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson to ensure that the employment clause of the 1964 civil rights act was being carried out. |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | President Lyndon Johnson signed the Act shortly after he reelection. The law cracked down on states with racist voting restrictions. |
| Civil right act of 1964 | The most compehensive piece of civil rights legislation in U.S. history. |
| yellow journalism | sensational reporting that became popular in the 1800s. |
| political bosses | vast power in many cities in the 1800's. |
| knights of labor | founded in 1869 by Philadelphia tailor Uriah Stephens. |
| Uncle Tom's cabin | anti-slavery novel published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe. |
| underground railroad | route pursued by slaves escaping their plantations in the south. |
| abolitionists | those who opposed slavery |
| Know-Nothing Party | quick rise and fall in the mid-nineteenth century. |
| nullification | states have the right to disobey federal laws that are unconstitutional |
| Oregon treaty | signed in 1846 by Great Britain and the United States by President James Polk |
| Slave Power | nickname given to wealthy southerners by abolitionists |
| black codes | laws preventing the more than 250,000 free blacks pre-civil war |
| cotton gin | invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. revolutionized agriculture. |
| Missouri Compromise | negotiated by Henry Clay in 1820 |
| frederick douglass | (1818-1895) escaped slave who became famous for his writings and speeches. |
| James Polk | (1795-1849) president from 1846-1849. |
| southern paternalism | attitude, common among whites in slave-owning South. |
| bleeding kansas | known as territory of kansas during the 1850s. |
| Republican Party | formed in the nineteenth century by ant-slavery Whigs. |
| Preston brooks | Democratic congressman from South Carolina. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | 1857 Supreme Court ruling that provided a legal affirmation of slavery. |
| Louisiana Purchase | 1803, the US bought Louisiana from France for $15 million. |
| the lost colony | England's first settlement in North America. |
| Lewis and Clark | two explorers sen by Thomas Jefferson to explore Western territories. |
| Lewinsky scandal | led to impeachment of President Bill Clinton |
| My lai Massacre | (1968) American soldiers abused, tortured, and killed civilians in a small Vietnam village |
| William Jefferson Clinton | (1946-) first democrat to win presidency since Jimmy Carter |
| William Penn | (1644-1718)Quaker and close friend of King Charles II |
| Neutrality Acts | passed by Congress in the 1930s to promote independent internationalist stance of the US |
| 2000 presidential election | example of a candidate winning the popular vote but losing the electoral vote |
| squanto | member of the Pokanoket tribe of Native Americans |
| Democratic-Republicans | early political party made up of strict constructionists like Thomas Jefferson |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | (NAACP) formed in 1909 by a group of black and white activists |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court ruling that upheld legality of segregation, "seperate buy equals" |
| Equals Rights Amendment | Constitution would have outlawed discrimination based on sex. |
| Reagan Doctrine | foreign policy stance pursued through the 1980s by President Ronald Reagan |
| Miranda v. Arizona | (1966) Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled 5-4 that arrested suspects must be told their rights. |
| Thomas Edison | (1847-1931) one of the most important inventors in American history |
| Massachusetts bay Colony | founded in 1629 by Congregationalists fleeing persecution in England |
| War On Poverty | launched by President Lyndon Johnson after his landslide reelection victory. |
| Articles of Confederation | first national constitution |
| Gold Rush | 1848 discovery of gold in the California mountains |
| Compromise of 1850 | ushered through Congress by Stephen Douglas and Henry CLay |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 | formulated by Stephen Douglas, passed by Congress |
| Lincoln-Douglas debates | took place in 1858 between two candidates from Illinois |
| gag order | ruling prohibiting public discussion of a particular topic |
| Marbury v. Madison | Judicial review and Supremacy Clause |
| Henry Kissinger | (1923-) secretary of State under presidents Richard Nixon and gerald Ford |
| annexation of Hawaii | occurred in 1898 during a period of American imperialism |
| United States v. reese | (1876) one of several Supreme Court rulings that went back to the 14th and 15th amendments |
| Wilson's declaraion of neutrality | occurred when war broke out in Europe in 1914 |
| New Left | Progressive political movement that originated on college campuses early 1960s |
| Pure food and drug act | passed in 1906, allowed federal inspection of meat and created penalties for those who sold tainted food or medicine |
| Coercive Acts | (1774) tightened English control over Massachusetts's government |
| Republic of Texas | (1836-1845) independent state in North America |
| don't ask, don't tell | informal name for President Bill Clinton's compromise plan to allow gays to serve in the military |
| Schenck v. United States | (1919) supreme court ruling that upheld legality of the Espionage Act |
