| A | B |
|---|
| Marbury v. Madison | Established judicial review; midnight judges; John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax federal institution; John Marshall; the power to tax involves the power to destroy. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | Established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause; determined Congress power encompassed virtually every form of commercial activity. The Commerce Clause has been the constitutional basis for much of Congress regulation of the economy. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Established separate by equal. Gave Supreme Court approval to Jim Crow laws. |
| Weeks v. U.S. | Established the Exclusionary Rule at the federal level; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court. |
| Schenck v. U.S. | Speech which presents a clear and present danger is not protected by the First Amentment. |
| Gitlow v. New York | Established precedent of incorporating the Bill of Rights (applying them to the states); states cannot deny freedom of speech protected through due process clause of the 14th Amendment. |
| Palko v. Connecticut | Provided test for determining which parts of Bill of Rights should be federalized those which are implicitly or explicitly necessary for liberty to exist (Selective Incorporation). |
| Korematsu v. U.S. | Upheld as constitutional the internment of Americans of Japanese descent during WWII. |
| Brown v. Topeka Board of Education | School segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychologically damaging to blacks; overturned separate but equal; use of 14th Amendment. |
| Roth v. United States | Established that obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press. |
| Mapp v. Ohio | Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court. |
| Engel v. Vitale | Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of the 1st Amendment's establishment clause. |
| Baker v. Carr | One man, one vote. Ordered state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population. |
| Abbington v. Schempp | Prohibited devotional Bible reading in public schools by virtue of establishment clause. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. |
| NY Times v. Sullivan | Held that statements about public figures are libelous only if made with malice and reckless disregard for the truth. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut | Established right of privacy through 4th & 9th Amendments. Set a precedent for Roe v. Wade. |
| Miranda v. Arizona | Established Miranda warnings of counsel and silence. Must be given before questioning. |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman | Established 3-part test to determine if establishment clause is violated: nonsecular purpose, advances/inhibits religion, excessive entanglement with government. |
| Miller v. California | Established that community standards be used in determining whether material is obscene in being patently offensive, and lacking in artistic, literary value. |
| Roe v. Wade | Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health of unborn child in 3rd. Inferred from right of privacy established in Griswold v. Connecticut. |
| U.S. v. Nixon | Allowed for executive privilege, but not in criminal cases; Even the President is not above the law; Watergate. |
| Buckley v. Valeo | 1st Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns. |
| Furman v. Georgia | While not stating that the death penalty was unconstiutional. It did state that up to that point the death penalty had been applied in a unequal and abitrary manner. |
| Gregg v. Georgia | reinstated the death penalty after states corrected the arbitrary and unequal problens mentioned in Furman v. Georgia |
| U.C. Regents v. Bakke | declared strict quotas unconstitutional but states may allow race to be taken into account as ONE factor in admissions decisions. |
| Texas v. Johnson | Struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the 1st Amendment. |
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey | States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose undue burdens upon women. |
| U.S. v. Lopez | Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress� authority to regulate interstate commerce. The first case to begin reigning in Congress� authority under the Commerce Clause. First time the Court used the 10th Amendment to restrict an action by the Fecderal government. |
| Clinton v. NY | Banned presidential use of line item veto. |
| Zelman v. Simmons-Harris | Public money can be used to send disadvantaged children to religious schools in tuition voucher programs. |
| Ashcroft v. ACLU | Struck down a federal ban on virtual child pornography. |
| Lawrence v. Texas | Using right of privacy, struck down Texas law banning sodomy. First time the Court granted 14th Amendment Rights to members of the LGBT community. |
| Gratz v. Bollinger | Struck down use of bonus points for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan. |
| Grutter v. Bollinger | Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan. |
| McDonald v. City of Chicago | States and municipalities may not ban the possession of guns. Incorporated the 2nd Amendment. |
| Citizens United v. FEC | Individuals and Corporations can spend as much money as they wish in support of or oppositon of a candidate, as long as the money is spent independent from the campaign |
| Brandenberg v. Ohio | Modified the Schenck decision. For speech to be a clear and present danger. It must be shown that the intent of the speech was to incict a true and immediate dange to others. |
