| A | B |
|---|
| Himalaya and Hindu Kush | Mountain ranges that separate India from the rest of Asia |
| Harrappa and Mohenjo-Daro | earliest civilizations established on the Indus river |
| Hinduism | Oldest religion founded in India, it features many different versions of the same god or universal spirit |
| Vedas | The sacred texts of Hinduism, tell of history of Religion |
| Caste System | A rigid social structure in India, in which society is dicided into four seperate classes and there is no social mobility |
| Dharma | this was the duty in life that Hindus were supposed to follow if they wanted to accumulate good Karma. |
| Karma | According to Hindus this was accumulated by following one's Dharma and would determine what one's next life would be. |
| Reincarnation | the belief in a cycle of life where one's spirit is reborn when they die into another form |
| The Four Noble Truths | The basic principles or philosophy of Buddhism. |
| The Eightfold Path | Part of the Four Noble Truths, this was what Buddhists were supposed to follow if they wanted to end their desires and reach nirvana. |
| The Gupta Empire | It was during this time period that India entered its Golden Age and made great contributions in art, literature and education. |
| The Aryans | An early group that dominated the Indus River valley established dominance, and our credited with creating the Vedas and contributing to the establishment of the caste system |
| Siddhartha Guatama | Founder of Buddhism, He was the Buddha or the "enlightened" one |
| Nirvana | According to Buddhists this was the state where you would eliminate your desires and end suffering. |
| Asoka | Leader in India who sent out missionaries to try and spread Buddhism to other parts of Asia |
| Buddhism | Major religion that developed in India but spread to Asia and focused on ending suffering by ending one's desires. |
| The mandate from heaven | used by chinese rulers to justify why they held power. They said their authority to rule came from the gods. |
| Qin Shihuangdi | Chinese ruler who built the great wall |
| The silk road | built by the Chinese to increase trade and communication with the west (rome) |
| Confucius | founder of the philosophy of Confucianism |
| Laozi (lao-tzu) | the "old master" and founder of taoism |
| The Yin and the Yang | chinese philosophy that suggests that there are opposite forces in all things that create a balance in life |
| The Huange He river | earliest river valley settled by the Chinese |
| The Indus River | early river valley for the civilizations in India |
| Mauryan Empire | 1st empire to unite India |
| Contributions of the Maurya | Better Roads, Hospitals, Veterinary clinics |
| Contributions of the Gupta | concept of Zero, Cotton Textiles, Concept of Round Earth, Poetry |
| Civil Service System | In China it was the practice of giving jobs to the most qualified people and making sure they could pass a test |
| The Tao Te Ching | important text of Taoism |
| Archipelago | term for a group of islands (ex. Japan) |
| Shinto | The Native Religion of Japan based on worshiping "Kamis" or spirits in nature |
| Torii | Gates that symbolize entrances to Shinto shrines in Japan |
| The Great Wall of china | Constructed to protect China from invaders from the north |
| Trade items of china | Paper, Compass, Porcelain, Silk |
| Sophocles | Greek Playwright known for writing dramatic tragedies like Oedipus Rex |
| Socrates | Early philosopher who taught to question authority and developed his own teaching theory. He was executed for “corrupting the youth” but was a teacher of Plato. |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher known for his achievements in logic as well as fields of science. He tutored Alexander the Great and was taught by Plato |
| Plato | Greek philosopher known for favoring “philosopher kings” as the best form of government in his book THE REPUBLIC. He was taught by Socrates. |
| Parthenon | The Greatest example of Greek architecture, it is a temple dedicated to Athena |
| Pericles | Athenian General and Statesmen that led Athens' Golden Age |
| Persian Wars | Athens and Sparta work together, Greece defeats Persia, enters golden age |
| Peloponnesian Wars | Athens and Sparta fight against each other, Macedonia is then able to later conquer Greece |
| Philip II | Macedonian King, Led Conquest of Greece |
| Acropolis | the fortitified hill at the center of a greek polis |
| Barter system | trading physical goods instead of $ |
| citizens | those that were allowed to participate in government. (free native born men) |
| Zeus/Jupited | Greek.Roman king of the gods, god of lightning |
| Hera/Juno | Greek/Roman queen of gods, goddess of marriage |
| Artemis/Diana | Greek/Roman goddess of the moon, the wild and the hunt |
| Aphrodite/Venus | Greek/Roman goddess of love and beauty |
| Athena/Minerva | Greek/Roman goddess of wisdom and skill |
| Apollo | Greek/Roman god of the sun, music and prophecy |
| Homer | poet who composed the Iliad and Odyssey |
| Athens | city state that developed democracy, and focused on art and education |
| Sparta | city state that focused on war, and had an aggressive society |
| Oligarchy | rule by the few (form of govt used in sparta) |
| Monarchy | rule by a king who passes rule to his son |
| Aristocracy | rule by wealthy land owners |
| Tyranny | rule by one person who seizes power |
| Direct Democracy | people vote on decisions rather than to elect people |
| Draco | tyrant that established a harsh law code |
| Solon | Tyrant that worked to expand rights of commoners |
| Battle of Marathon | deciisve Greek victory in 1st Persian War |
| Battle of Salamis | decisive Greek naval victory in 2nd Persian wars |
| Macedonia | Kingdom north of Greece that conquered the Greek city states following the Peloponnesian wars |
| Alexander the Great | led the Macedonian conquest of Persia, his empire would lead to the rise of Hellenistic culture |
| Hellenistic Culture | a combination of Greek and Asian Culture |
| Peloponnesian league | term for Sparta's allies in the Peloponnesian wars |
| Delian League | term for Athens's allies in the Peloponnesian wars |
| Latin | the language of the Romans it influenced many other European languages |
| Romance languages | any language descended from Latin (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Italian) |
| Citizens | anyone who could participate in government in Rome |
| Patricians | the wealthy class in Roman society |
| Plebeians | the commoners in Rome's society |
| Representative Democracy | a system where people vote for people to make decisions for the, |
| The Senate | the most important branch of Rome's republic, they advised the consuls and set foreign policy |
| Consuls | 2 people that headed up Rome's government under normal conditions they each held veto power |
| The Assemblies | designed to represent common interests they had a major role on laws passed |
| Dictator | someone who was given total control of the republic for a temporary amount of time |
| 12 tables | Rome's public law code, it established the principle of "innocent until proven guilty" |
| Punic Wars | series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage, Rome's victory allowed them to increase power and influence |
| Hannibal | famous Carthaginian general he invaded ITaly through the Alps mountains |
| Inflation | rise in prices/decrease in value of $ |
| The First Triumvirate | an alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus that briefly ruled Rome |
| Julius Caesar | Popular General, he took control of Rome after a civil war with Pompey and became the last dictator of Rome before his assassination |
| Marc Antony | Caesar's 2nd in command, he fought a war with OCtavian after the death of Caesar but lost |
| Octavian/Augustus Caesar | Caesar's nephew, he became the first emperor of rhe Roman Empire after defeating Marc Antony |
